Trade-off between sulfidated zero-valent iron reactivity and air stability: Regulation of iron sulfides by ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.

The reactivity and stability of zero-valent iron (ZVI) and sulfidated zero-valent iron (S-ZVI) are inherently contradictory. Iron sulfides (FeS) on the S-ZVI surface play multiple roles, including electrostatic adsorption and catalyzing reduction. We proposed to balance the reactivity and air stability of S-ZVI by regulating FeS. Benefiting from the superior coordination and accelerate electron transport capabilities of phosphate, herein, eco-friendly ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) was employed to synthesize N, P, and S-incorporated ZVI (NPS-ZVI) and regulate the FeS. Raman, FTIR, XPS, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were combined to reveal that HPO acts as the main P species on the Fe surface. The superior reactivity of NPS-ZVI was quantified by k, k, and k of Cr(VI), which were 210.77, 27.44, and 211.17-fold than ZVI, respectively. NPS-ZVI demonstrated excellent reusability, with no risk of secondary pollution. Critically, NPS-ZVI could effectively maintain FeS stability under the combination of diffusion limitation and surface protection mechanisms of ADP. The superior reactivity of NPS-ZVI was attributed to the fact that ADP maintains FeS stability and accelerates electron transport. This study provides a novel strategy in balancing the reactivity and air stability of S-ZVI and offers theoretical support for material modification.