Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Oct 20;948:175011. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175011. Epub 2024 Jul 23.
Milk has been globally recognised as a comprehensive and vital food source for centuries. However, the presence of heavy metals and metalloids (metal(loid)s) in milk is a global problem. As metal(loid)s are present in the soil due to natural geogenic and various anthropogenic activities, these metal(loid)s are bio-transferred into animal feed, which further results in the presence of metal(loid)s in milk due to bio transfer/accumulation. This systematic review collated information from published literature between 2000 and 2021. It focused on the global issue of metal(loid)s in milk, posing potential health risks. These contaminants enter the food chain through the bio-transfer/accumulation process from soil to animal feed to milk. The key metal(loid)s examined are arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd). A meta-analysis of 66 selected papers revealed the widespread presence of these contaminants in milk samples globally, with Pb being the most studied (43 %). This research estimated metal(loid)s levels or concentrations as 12.71 (95 % Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.16-25.26), 16.09 (95 % CI = 4.31-27.70), 197.04 (95 % CI = 75.28-318.18), 31.67 (95 % CI = 20.14-43.20) μg/kg (ppb) for As, Hg, Pb, and Cd, respectively using Stata™. The metal(loid) concentrations in milk were within the threshold limits other than Pb and Cd. Some studies in America, Africa, and Asia reported elevated Pb and Cd concentrations, raising health concerns. The simulated Risk Quotients (RQ) and Integrated Risk Quotient (IRQ) values generally remain above one, indicating potential human health risks. Notably, the IRQ value increases with more metal(loid)s consideration. Subgroup analysis indicates low-fat milk contains higher metal(loid)s concentrations. While metal(loid)s concentrations in milk largely comply with safety limits, some regions exhibit concerning concentrations. Therefore, continued surveillance to address potential health risks associated with metal(loid)s in milk is necessary to ensure dairy products' safety.
牛奶作为一种全面且重要的食物来源，在全球范围内已得到了几个世纪的认可。然而，牛奶中重金属和类金属（金属（类））的存在是一个全球性问题。由于金属（类）由于自然地质成因和各种人为活动而存在于土壤中，这些金属（类）被生物转移到动物饲料中，进而导致牛奶中存在金属（类），这是生物转移/积累的结果。本系统综述整理了 2000 年至 2021 年期间已发表文献中的信息。它重点关注了全球牛奶中金属（类）的问题，这些金属（类）可能对健康构成风险。这些污染物通过从土壤到动物饲料再到牛奶的生物转移/积累过程进入食物链。本研究检查的关键金属（类）是砷（As）、汞（Hg）、铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）。对 66 篇选定论文的荟萃分析显示，这些污染物在全球牛奶样本中广泛存在，其中 Pb 的研究最多（43%）。这项研究估计金属（类）水平或浓度为 12.71（95%置信区间（CI）=0.16-25.26）、16.09（95%CI=4.31-27.70）、197.04（95%CI=75.28-318.18）、31.67（95%CI=20.14-43.20）μg/kg（ppb），这是使用 Stata™软件对 As、Hg、Pb 和 Cd 进行分析的结果。除了 Pb 和 Cd 之外，牛奶中的金属（类）浓度均在阈值范围内。来自美洲、非洲和亚洲的一些研究报告称 Pb 和 Cd 浓度升高，引起了健康方面的担忧。模拟的风险商数（RQ）和综合风险商数（IRQ）值通常保持在 1 以上，表明存在潜在的人类健康风险。值得注意的是，随着更多金属（类）的考虑，IRQ 值会增加。亚组分析表明，低脂牛奶含有更高的金属（类）浓度。尽管牛奶中的金属（类）浓度在很大程度上符合安全限制，但一些地区的浓度令人担忧。因此，需要继续监测牛奶中金属（类）可能带来的健康风险，以确保乳制品的安全。
