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Am J Surg. 1985 Dec;150(6):638-49. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(85)90399-x.
To analyze surgical leadership in the United States from 1945 to 1985, 15 positions of influence have been identified. Appointments to these positions have been reviewed by age at appointment, medical school of graduation, site of residency training, solo appointments, and geographic distribution. A weighting scheme was designed to quantify institutional and personal performance. The 460 surgeons involved in this study graduated from 72 medical schools and 68 residency programs. The top ranking medical schools were Harvard, Johns Hopkins, University of Pennsylvania, Washington University in St. Louis, and Northwestern, which together accumulated 48 percent and 47 percent of all points and appointments, respectively. The top ranking residency training programs were Harvard, Johns Hopkins, the Mayo Clinic, Washington University in St. Louis, and the University of Pennsylvania, with Cornell, University of Michigan, Columbia, University of Minnesota, and the University of California in San Francisco occupying the second tier. Personal performances revealed that 40 percent of the top 20 surgeons were located in Southern-based institutions. Since 1965, geographic and institutional diversity has begun to appear in the surgical leadership.
为分析1945年至1985年美国外科领域的领导力，已确定15个有影响力的职位。对这些职位的任命情况从任命时的年龄、毕业医学院校、住院医师培训地点、独立任命情况以及地理分布等方面进行了审查。设计了一种加权方案来量化机构和个人的表现。参与本研究的460名外科医生毕业于72所医学院校和68个住院医师培训项目。排名靠前的医学院校是哈佛大学、约翰·霍普金斯大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、圣路易斯华盛顿大学和西北大学，它们分别累计获得了所有分数和任命的48%和47%。排名靠前的住院医师培训项目是哈佛大学、约翰·霍普金斯大学、梅奥诊所、圣路易斯华盛顿大学和宾夕法尼亚大学，康奈尔大学、密歇根大学、哥伦比亚大学、明尼苏达大学和旧金山加利福尼亚大学位居第二梯队。个人表现显示，排名前20的外科医生中有40%就职于南方的机构。自1965年以来，外科领域的领导力开始出现地理和机构多样性。
