State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Water Res. 2024 Oct 1;263:122165. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122165. Epub 2024 Jul 27.
Psychopharmaceuticals and illicit drugs (PIDs) in aquatic environments can negatively impact ecosystem and human health. However, data on the sources, distribution, drivers, and risks of PIDs in global surface waters are limited. We compiled a dataset of 331 records spanning 23 PIDs in surface waters and sediments across 100 countries by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of 108 studies published between 2005 and 2022. Most PIDs were sewage-derived, as wastewater treatment rarely achieved complete removal. The highest total PID levels were in Ethiopia, Australia, and Armenia, with many highly contaminated samples from low- and middle-income countries with minimal prior monitoring. Socioeconomic factors (population, GDP) and environmental variables (water stress) influenced the distribution of PIDs. 3,4-Methylenedioxy amphetamine hydrochloride (MDA), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and 11- Δ9‑hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCOH) posed the greatest ecological risks, especially in Oceania and North America. PIDs in surface waters present risks to aquatic organisms. Our findings elucidate the current status and future directions of PID research in surface waters and provide a scientific foundation for evaluating ecological risks and informing pollution control policies.
精神药物和非法药物（PIDs）在水生环境中会对生态系统和人类健康产生负面影响。然而，关于全球地表水中文献中 PID 的来源、分布、驱动因素和风险的数据有限。我们通过对 2005 年至 2022 年期间发表的 108 项研究进行系统回顾和荟萃分析，编制了一个包含 331 条记录的数据集，涵盖了 100 个国家地表水和沉积物中的 23 种 PID。大多数 PID 是污水衍生的，因为废水处理很少能完全去除。PID 总量最高的国家是埃塞俄比亚、澳大利亚和亚美尼亚，许多来自低中收入国家的高度污染样本，这些国家之前几乎没有进行过监测。社会经济因素（人口、国内生产总值）和环境变量（水压力）影响了 PID 的分布。3,4-亚甲二氧基苯丙胺盐酸盐（MDA）、Δ9-四氢大麻酚（THC）和 11-Δ9-羟基-四氢大麻酚（THCOH）带来了最大的生态风险，尤其是在大洋洲和北美洲。地表水中文献中 PID 对水生生物构成了风险。我们的研究结果阐明了目前地表水中文献中 PID 研究的现状和未来方向，并为评估生态风险和为污染控制政策提供了科学依据。
