Manipulation of the mammalian embryo.

Technological advances in manipulation of mammalian embryos outside the maternal environment have resulted in opportunities for study of preimplantation embryo development, identification of developmental phenomena that are unique to mammals, and further improvement of technology. Mammalian embryos may be cultured in vitro at 37 C for up to several days or they may be stored at -196 C indefinitely. The mammalian embryo possesses the unique capacity to regulate its development and differentiate into a normal individual after being stimulated to incorporate foreign cells or after a portion of its cells are removed. This regulatory ability has proven useful in research dealing with the production of chimeras. It allows genetic copies of an embryo to be produced by dissociation of an early cleavage-stage embryo into its component blastomeres or by bisection of a morula. Production of large sets of identical animals may be possible in the future by serial transplantation of nuclei from one embryo into enucleated ova. Progress has been made in producing unique genetic combinations by manipulation of the pronuclei of fertilized ova. It is also possible in some cases to identify the sex of a living cleavage-stage embryo. Some of these manipulations have been carried out primarily in laboratory mice, but as animal scientists identify beneficial uses in farm animals, these procedures are being extended to embryos of the large domestic species.