Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Unit, ANSES, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000, Nancy, France.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2024 Aug;87(2):95-104. doi: 10.1007/s00244-024-01078-6. Epub 2024 Jul 31.
In recent years, 1,4-dioxane has emerged as a pollutant of increasing concern following widespread detection in the aquatic environment of several countries. This persistent contaminant with specific physical and chemical properties can be rapidly dispersed and transported to river banks, groundwater and drinking water. Given the limited data on its occurrence in France, it was considered necessary to assess the potential exposure of the French population to this compound in drinking water. An analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed and validated during this study with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.15 µg/L. Recoveries in natural water matrices ranged from 113 to 117% with a relative bias not exceeding 17%. This method was used for a nationwide campaign at almost 300 sites, evenly distributed over 101 French départements (administrative units), including some that were overseas. Of the 587 samples analysed, only 8% had a concentration that was greater than or equal to the LOQ. 1,4-Dioxane was detected mainly (63%) in raw and treated water from sites associated with historical industrial practices related to the use of chlorinated solvents. Concentrations of 1,4-dioxane ranging from 0.19 to 2.85 µg/L were observed in the raw water and from 0.18 to 2.46 µg/L in the treated water. Drinking water treatment plants using ozonation, granular activated carbon and chlorination have limited effectiveness in the removal of 1,4-dioxane. The results of this study are the first step towards bridging the knowledge gap in the occurrence of 1,4-dioxane in France.
近年来，1,4-二恶烷作为一种具有特殊物理化学性质的持久性污染物，在多个国家的水环境中广泛检出，其污染问题日益受到关注。这种污染物具有很强的扩散和迁移能力，可迅速扩散至河岸边、地下水和饮用水中。由于法国对其环境数据的了解有限，因此有必要评估法国人口在饮用水中接触该化合物的潜在风险。本研究建立并验证了一种基于固相萃取（SPE）结合气相色谱-串联质谱（GC-MS/MS）的分析方法，定量限（LOQ）为 0.15µg/L。在天然水基质中的回收率为 113%至 117%，相对偏差不超过 17%。该方法在全国范围内的近 300 个地点进行了检测，这些地点均匀分布在法国 101 个省（行政单位），包括一些海外省份。在分析的 587 个样本中，只有 8%的样本浓度大于或等于 LOQ。1,4-二恶烷主要（63%）存在于与使用含氯溶剂相关的历史工业活动有关的原水和处理水中。在原水中观察到的 1,4-二恶烷浓度范围为 0.19 至 2.85µg/L，在处理水中为 0.18 至 2.46µg/L。采用臭氧、颗粒活性炭和氯化消毒的饮用水处理厂对 1,4-二恶烷的去除效果有限。本研究的结果是填补法国 1,4-二恶烷环境数据空白的第一步。
