Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Feb 1;806(Pt 4):150701. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150701. Epub 2021 Oct 8.
Since our comprehensive investigation of finished drinking water in Germany obtained from managed aquifer recharge systems in the period 2015-2016, which revealed widespread contamination with 1,4-dioxane, mitigation measures (integration of AOP units, shutdown or alteration of production processes) have been implemented at some sites. In this study, we conducted follow-up tests on surface water concentrations and associated finished drinking water concentrations in 2017/2018, to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures. Our findings demonstrate that the emission mitigation measures had considerably reducing effects on the average 1,4-dioxane drinking water concentrations for some of the previously severely affected areas (Lower Franconia: -54%, Passau: -88%). Conversely, at notoriously contaminated sites where neither monitoring nor mitigation measures were introduced, the drinking water concentrations stagnated or even increased. Drinking water concentrations determined via a modified US EPA method 522 ranged from below LOQ (0.034 μg/L) up to 1.68 μg/L in all drinking water samples investigated. In river water samples, the maximum concentration exceeded 10 μg/L. Effluents of wastewater treatments plants containing 1,4-dioxane (5 μg/L-1.75 mg/L) were also analyzed for other similar cyclic ethers by suspected target screening. Thus, 1,3-dioxolane and three other derivatives were tentatively identified in effluents from the polyester processing or manufacturing industry. 1,3-Dioxolane was present in concentrations >1.2 mg/L at one site, exceeding up to sevenfold the 1,4-dioxane concentration found there. At another site 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane was still found 13 km downstream of the discharge point, indicating that ethers analogous to 1,4-dioxane should be further considered regarding their occurrence and fate in wastewater treatment and the aquatic environment.
自 2015 年至 2016 年期间，我们对德国受管理含水层补给系统的饮用水进行了全面调查，发现其中普遍受到 1,4-二恶烷的污染。此后，一些地点已经采取了缓解措施（整合 AOP 单元、停产或改变生产工艺）。在本研究中，我们在 2017/2018 年对地表水浓度和相关的饮用水浓度进行了后续测试，以评估这些措施的有效性。我们的研究结果表明，对于一些以前受严重影响的地区（下弗兰肯地区：-54%，帕绍：-88%），排放缓解措施对 1,4-二恶烷饮用水浓度的平均水平具有相当大的降低作用。相反，在那些既没有监测也没有采取缓解措施的臭名昭著的污染地点，饮用水浓度停滞不前，甚至有所上升。所有调查饮用水样本中的 1,4-二恶烷饮用水浓度通过改良的美国环保署方法 522 测定，范围在低于检出限（0.034μg/L）至 1.68μg/L 之间。在河流水样本中，最大浓度超过 10μg/L。还对含有 1,4-二恶烷（5μg/L-1.75mg/L）的废水处理厂的废水进行了其他类似环状醚的疑似目标筛选分析。因此，在聚酯加工或制造业废水的废水中，暂定鉴定出 1,3-二恶烷和另外三种衍生物。在一个地点，1,3-二恶烷的浓度超过 1.2mg/L，超过该处 1,4-二恶烷浓度的七倍。在另一个地点，在排放点下游 13 公里处仍发现 2-甲基-1,3-二恶烷，这表明在废水处理和水生环境中，应该进一步考虑类似 1,4-二恶烷的醚类物质的存在和归宿。
