Regulation of Rubisco activity by interaction with chloroplast metabolites.

Rubisco activity is highly regulated and frequently limits carbon assimilation in crop plants. In the chloroplast, various metabolites can inhibit or modulate Rubisco activity by binding to its catalytic or allosteric sites, but this regulation is complex and still poorly understood. Using rice Rubisco, we characterised the impact of various chloroplast metabolites which could interact with Rubisco and modulate its activity, including photorespiratory intermediates, carbohydrates, amino acids; as well as specific sugar-phosphates known to inhibit Rubisco activity - CABP (2-carboxy-d-arabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate) and CA1P (2-carboxy-d-arabinitol 1-phosphate) through in vitro enzymatic assays and molecular docking analysis. Most metabolites did not directly affect Rubisco in vitro activity under both saturating and limiting concentrations of Rubisco substrates, CO2 and RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate). As expected, Rubisco activity was strongly inhibited in the presence of CABP and CA1P. High physiologically relevant concentrations of the carboxylation product 3-PGA (3-phosphoglyceric acid) decreased Rubisco activity by up to 30%. High concentrations of the photosynthetically derived hexose phosphates fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) and glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) slightly reduced Rubisco activity under limiting CO2 and RuBP concentrations. Biochemical measurements of the apparent Vmax and Km for CO2 and RuBP (at atmospheric O2 concentration) and docking interactions analysis suggest that CABP/CA1P and 3-PGA inhibit Rubisco activity by binding tightly and loosely, respectively, to its catalytic sites (i.e. competing with the substrate RuBP). These findings will aid the design and biochemical modelling of new strategies to improve the regulation of Rubisco activity and enhance the efficiency and sustainability of carbon assimilation in rice.