Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom.
Adv Parasitol. 2024;125:1-52. doi: 10.1016/bs.apar.2024.06.001. Epub 2024 Jun 26.
As we strive towards the ambitious goal of malaria elimination, we must embrace integrated strategies and interventions. Like many diseases, malaria is heterogeneously distributed. This inherent spatial component means that geography and geospatial data is likely to have an important role in malaria control strategies. For instance, focussing interventions in areas where malaria risk is highest is likely to provide more cost-effective malaria control programmes. Equally, many malaria vector control strategies, particularly interventions like larval source management, would benefit from accurate maps of malaria vector habitats - sources of water that are used for malarial mosquito oviposition and larval development. In many landscapes, particularly in rural areas, the formation and persistence of these habitats is controlled by geographical factors, notably those related to hydrology. This is especially true for malaria vector species like Anopheles funestsus that show a preference for more permanent, often naturally occurring water sources like small rivers and spring-fed ponds. Previous work has embraced geographical concepts, techniques, and geospatial data for studying malaria risk and vector habitats. But there is much to be learnt if we are to fully exploit what the broader geographical discipline can offer in terms of operational malaria control, particularly in the face of a changing climate. This chapter outlines potential new directions related to several geographical concepts, data sources and analytical approaches, including terrain analysis, satellite imagery, drone technology and field-based observations. These directions are discussed within the context of designing new protocols and procedures that could be readily deployed within malaria control programmes, particularly those within sub-Saharan Africa, with a particular focus on experiences in the Kilombero Valley and the Zanzibar Archipelago, United Republic of Tanzania.
在努力实现消除疟疾这一宏伟目标的过程中，我们必须采取综合策略和干预措施。与许多疾病一样，疟疾的分布具有异质性。这种固有的空间特征意味着，地理和地理空间数据很可能在疟疾控制策略中发挥重要作用。例如，将干预措施集中在疟疾风险最高的地区，可能会使疟疾控制规划更具成本效益。同样，许多疟疾媒介控制策略，特别是幼虫源管理等干预措施，将受益于疟疾媒介栖息地的精确地图——疟疾蚊子产卵和幼虫发育所使用的水源。在许多景观中，特别是在农村地区，这些栖息地的形成和持续受到地理因素的控制，特别是与水文学有关的因素。对于像恶性疟原蚊这样更喜欢更持久、通常是自然存在的水源的疟疾媒介物种来说，情况更是如此，这些水源包括小河和泉水池塘等。以前的工作已经采用了地理概念、技术和地理空间数据来研究疟疾风险和媒介栖息地。但如果我们要充分利用更广泛的地理学科在操作疟疾控制方面所能提供的资源，特别是在面对气候变化的情况下，还有很多需要学习。本章概述了与几个地理概念、数据源和分析方法相关的潜在新方向，包括地形分析、卫星图像、无人机技术和实地观测。这些方向是在设计新的协议和程序的背景下讨论的，这些协议和程序可以在疟疾控制方案中迅速部署，特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲的方案中，重点是坦桑尼亚联合共和国基利莫尔贝罗谷和桑给巴尔群岛的经验。
