Department of Environmental Management, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
Environ Monit Assess. 2024 Aug 2;196(9):776. doi: 10.1007/s10661-024-12924-4.
The oil industry in Khuzestan province (Southwest Iran) is one of the main reasons contributing to the pollution of the environment in this area. TPH, including both aromatic and aliphatic compounds, are important parameters in creating pollution. The present study aimed to investigate the source of soil contamination by TPH in the Ahvaz oil field in 2022. The soil samples were collected from four oil centers (an oil exploitation unit, an oil desalination unit, an oil rig, and a pump oil center). An area outside the oil field was determined as a control area. Ten samples with three replicates were taken from each area according to the standard methods. Aromatic and aliphatic compounds were measured by HPLC and GC methods. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and isomeric ratios were used to determine the source apportionment of aromatic compounds in soil samples. The effects range low and effects range median indices were also used to assess the level of ecological risk of petroleum compounds in the soil samples. The results showed that Benzo.b.fluoranthene had the highest concentration with an average of 5667.7 ug/kg in soil samples in the Ahvaz oil field. The highest average was found in samples from the pump oil center area at 7329.48 ug/kg, while the lowest was found in control samples at 1919.4 ug/kg. The highest level of aliphatic components was also found in the pump oil center, with a total of 3649 (mg. Kg). The results of source apportionment of petroleum compounds in soil samples showed that oil activities accounted for 51.5% of the measured PAHs in soil. 38.3% of other measured compounds had anthropogenic origins, and only 10.1% of these compounds were of biotic origin. The results of the isomeric ratios also indicated the local petroleum and pyrogenic origin of PAH compounds, which is consistent with the PMF results. The analysis of ecological risk indices resulting from the release of PAHs in the environment showed that, except for fluoranthene, other PAHs in the oil exploitation unit area were above the effects range median level (ERM) and at high risk. The results of the study showed that soil pollution by total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), both aromatic and aliphatic, is at a high level, and is mainly caused by human activities, particularly oil activities.
伊朗西南部胡齐斯坦省的石油工业是造成该地区环境污染的主要原因之一。总石油烃（包括芳烃和脂肪烃）是造成污染的重要参数。本研究旨在调查 2022 年阿瓦士油田土壤中总石油烃（TPH）的污染来源。土壤样品取自四个油区（一个采油单元、一个脱盐单元、一个钻井平台和一个输油泵油区）。一个油田外的区域被确定为对照区。根据标准方法，每个区域采集了 10 个样本，每个样本重复 3 次。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）和气相色谱法（GC）测定芳烃和脂肪烃。采用正矩阵因子化（PMF）模型和同系物比值法确定土壤样品中芳烃的源解析。还采用效应范围低值（ERL）和效应范围中值（ERM）指数评估土壤样品中石油化合物的生态风险水平。结果表明，苯并[b]荧蒽在阿瓦士油田土壤样品中的浓度最高，平均浓度为 5667.7ug/kg。在输油泵油区的土壤样品中发现的平均浓度最高，为 7329.48ug/kg，而在对照样品中的浓度最低，为 1919.4ug/kg。在输油泵油区也发现了最高水平的脂肪族成分，共计 3649（mg/kg）。土壤样品中石油化合物的源解析结果表明，石油活动占土壤中测量的多环芳烃的 51.5%。其他测量化合物中有 38.3%来自人为来源，只有 10.1%来自生物源。同系物比值的结果也表明，PAH 化合物具有当地石油和热解源的特征，这与 PMF 的结果一致。环境中 PAHs 释放的生态风险指数分析表明，除荧蒽外，采油单元区的其他 PAHs 均高于效应范围中值（ERM）水平，处于高风险状态。研究结果表明，土壤中总石油烃（TPH），包括芳烃和脂肪烃，污染水平较高，主要是由人类活动引起的，特别是石油活动。
