In-situ aircraft observations of aerosol and cloud microphysical characteristics of mixed-phase clouds over the North China Plain.

Aerosol-cloud interactions play a vital role in climate change. This study leverages observations from the King-350 aircraft over the North China Plain on November 29, 2019, to examine aerosol and cloud microphysical characteristics of mixed-phase clouds. Through detailed vertical and spectral distributions, we investigate aerosol, cloud droplet, and ice crystal distributions in seeded clouds (SC) and natural precipitating clouds (NPC) within the same cloud system. From the vertical profile, SC and NPC have similar vertical distributions of aerosol and cloud droplets, with over 95 % of aerosols concentrated below 1600 m near the ground. Cloud droplets are more evenly distributed within the two clouds, cloud droplet number concentrations (N) in SC were three orders of magnitude higher than in NPC. Ice water content (IWC) and ice crystal number concentration (N) show distinct layer preferences-accumulating predominantly in SC's top layer and NPC's middle layer. From spectral distribution, a smaller proportion of cloud droplets (40-50 μm in diameter, the same hereafter) in SC compared to NPC. Rimed ice crystals and globular graupel (1325-1550 μm in diameter) were in SC, while plate and irregular ice crystals (300-450 μm) were in NPC with an order of magnitude higher than in SC. These microphysical differences highlight the complexity of cloud seeding efficacy, which varies based on cloud conditions and microphysical properties. In the first seeding, Ni increased by 1-2 orders of magnitude (125-300 μm) in the high Nc (N > 1.11 × 10 L) region. Seeding in low N (N < 1.11 × 10 L) regions was hard to be effective, especially in low N and low liquid water content (LWC) (LWC < 0.122 g/m) regions. In the second seeding, ice crystals (125-250 μm) produced by the first seeding enhance the seeding efficiency. The responded regions were more sensitive to subsequent seeding, resulting in stronger reactions or longer duration.