Li Changqing, Tong Bingxin, Jia Mengyang, Xu Huasen, Wang Jiqing, Sun Zhimei
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
Department of Soil and Fertilizer Management, Zhangjiakou Soil and Fertilizer Station of Hebei Province, Zhangjiakou, China.
Front Plant Sci. 2024 Jul 22;15:1434926. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1434926. eCollection 2024.
High-yield and high-quality production of silage maize in cold regions is crucial for ensuring the sustainable development of livestock industry.
This study first conducted an experiment to select the optimized silage maize varieties and densities using a split-plot design. The tested maize varieties were Xuntian 3171, Xuntian 16, Xunqing 858, and Fengtian 12, with each variety planted at densities of 67,500, 79,500, and 90,000 plants ha. Following the variety and density selection, another experiment on optimizing nitrogen management for silage maize was carried out using a completely randomized design: no nitrogen fertilizer (T1), applying urea-N 320 kg ha (T2), applying urea-N 240 kg ha (T3), applying polymer-coated urea-N 240 kg N ha (T4), and ratios of polymer-coated urea-N to urea-N at 9:1 (T5), 8:2 (T6), 7:3 (T7), and 6:4 (T8). T5-T8 all applied 240 kg N ha. The yield and quality of silage maize, nitrogen use efficiency and balance, and economic benefits were evaluated.
Results showed that Xunqing 858 had significantly higher plant height (8.7%-22.6% taller than the other three varieties) and leaf area (30.9% larger than Xuntian 3171), resulting in yield 11.5%-51.6% higher than the other three varieties. All varieties achieved maximum yields at a planting density of 79,500 plants ha. Integrated management strategy 7 (T7: Xunqing 858, 79,500 plants ha, polymer-coated urea-N to urea-N ratio of 7:3) achieved the highest yield of 73.1 t ha, a 6.1%-58.1% increase over other treatments. This strategy also produced the highest crude protein (11.1%) and starch (19.1%) contents, and the lowest neutral detergent fiber content (50.6%), with economic benefits improved by 10.3%-97.8% compared to other strategies. Additionally, T7 improved nitrogen use efficiency by 15.4%-94.5%, reduced soil nitrate leaching by 4.4%-36.5%, and decreased nitrogen surplus by 7.0%-46.6%.
Comprehensive analysis revealed that the integrated management strategy 7 significantly improved silage maize yield and quality in cold regions while enhancing nitrogen use efficiency and reducing the risk of nitrate leaching, aligning with green agriculture development requirements. These findings will provide vital theoretical insights and practical guidance for high-yield and high-quality silage maize production in cold regions worldwide.
寒冷地区青贮玉米的高产和优质生产对于确保畜牧业的可持续发展至关重要。
本研究首先采用裂区设计进行试验，以选择优化的青贮玉米品种和种植密度。试验的玉米品种为巡天3171、巡天16、巡青858和丰甜12，每个品种分别以67500、79500和90000株/公顷的密度种植。在品种和密度选择之后，采用完全随机设计进行另一项关于优化青贮玉米氮素管理的试验：不施氮肥（T1）、施尿素氮320千克/公顷（T2）、施尿素氮240千克/公顷（T3）、施包膜尿素氮240千克/公顷（T4），以及包膜尿素氮与尿素氮的比例为9:1（T5）、8:2（T6）、7:3（T7）和6:4（T8）。T5 - T8均施氮240千克/公顷。对青贮玉米的产量和品质、氮素利用效率和平衡以及经济效益进行了评估。
结果表明，巡青858的株高显著更高（比其他三个品种高8.7% - 22.6%），叶面积更大（比巡天3171大30.9%），产量比其他三个品种高11.5% - 51.6%。所有品种在79500株/公顷的种植密度下均达到最高产量。综合管理策略7（T7：巡青858，79500株/公顷，包膜尿素氮与尿素氮比例为7:3）产量最高，达73.1吨/公顷，比其他处理提高6.1% - 58.1%。该策略还使粗蛋白含量（11.1%）和淀粉含量（19.1%）最高，中性洗涤纤维含量最低（50.6%），经济效益比其他策略提高10.3% - 97.8%。此外，T7使氮素利用效率提高15.4% - 94.5%，土壤硝态氮淋失减少4.4% - 36.5%，氮素盈余减少7.0% - 46.6%。
综合分析表明，综合管理策略7显著提高了寒冷地区青贮玉米的产量和品质，同时提高了氮素利用效率，降低了硝态氮淋失风险，符合绿色农业发展要求。这些研究结果将为全球寒冷地区高产优质青贮玉米生产提供重要的理论见解和实践指导。
