Mensink Marco
Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Chair Group Nutritional Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Front Nutr. 2024 Jul 24;11:1445981. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1445981. eCollection 2024.
Diabetes is a widespread metabolic disorder and results from insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Modifiable factors like diet, physical activity, and body weight play crucial roles in diabetes prevention, with targeted interventions reducing diabetes risk by about 60%. High-protein consumption, above the recommended intake of 0.8 g/kg body weight per day, have often explored in relation to diabetes risk. However, the relationship between dietary protein and diabetes is multifaceted. Observational studies have linked high total and animal protein intake to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, particularly in obese women. Elevated levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), which can result from dietary intake, protein breakdown, as well as an impaired catabolism, are strong predictors of cardiometabolic risk and insulin resistance. With several mechanism linking BCAA to insulin resistance. On the other hand, intervention studies suggest that high-protein diets can support weight loss and improve cardiometabolic risk factors. However, the impact on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis is not straightforward. Proteins and amino acids stimulate both insulin and glucagon secretion, influencing glucose levels, but chronic effects remain uncertain. This short narrative review aims to provide an update on the relationship between increased dietary protein intake, amino acids, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and to describe protein recommendations for type 2 diabetes.
糖尿病是一种广泛存在的代谢紊乱疾病，由胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌受损引起。饮食、身体活动和体重等可改变因素在糖尿病预防中起着关键作用，针对性干预可将糖尿病风险降低约60%。高蛋白摄入，超过每天每千克体重0.8克的推荐摄入量，常被探讨与糖尿病风险的关系。然而，膳食蛋白质与糖尿病之间的关系是多方面的。观察性研究已将高总蛋白和动物蛋白摄入量与2型糖尿病风险增加联系起来，尤其是在肥胖女性中。膳食摄入、蛋白质分解以及分解代谢受损均可导致支链氨基酸（BCAA）水平升高，BCAA是心脏代谢风险和胰岛素抵抗的强预测指标。有多种机制将BCAA与胰岛素抵抗联系起来。另一方面，干预性研究表明高蛋白饮食有助于体重减轻并改善心脏代谢风险因素。然而，对胰岛素敏感性和葡萄糖稳态的影响并不直接。蛋白质和氨基酸会刺激胰岛素和胰高血糖素的分泌，影响血糖水平，但长期影响仍不确定。这篇简短的叙述性综述旨在提供关于膳食蛋白质摄入量增加、氨基酸、胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病之间关系的最新情况，并描述2型糖尿病的蛋白质推荐量。
