Effects of Robotic Postural Stand Training with Epidural Stimulation on Sitting Postural Control in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study.

(1) . High-level spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts trunk control, leading to an impaired performance of upright postural tasks in sitting and standing. We previously showed that a novel robotic postural stand training with spinal cord epidural stimulation targeted at facilitating standing (Stand-scES) largely improved standing trunk control in individuals with high-level motor complete SCI. Here, we aimed at assessing the effects of robotic postural stand training with Stand-scES on sitting postural control in the same population. (2) . Individuals with cervical ( = 5) or high-thoracic ( = 1) motor complete SCI underwent approximately 80 sessions (1 h/day; 5 days/week) of robotic postural stand training with Stand-scES, which was performed with free hands (i.e., without using handlebars) and included periods of standing with steady trunk control, self-initiated trunk and arm movements, and trunk perturbations. Sitting postural control was assessed on a standard therapy mat, with and without scES targeted at facilitating sitting (Sit-scES), before and after robotic postural stand training. Independent sit time and trunk center of mass (CM) displacement were assessed during a 5 min time window to evaluate steady sitting control. Self-initiated antero-posterior and medial-lateral trunk movements were also attempted from a sitting position, with the goal of covering the largest distance in the respective cardinal directions. Finally, the four Neuromuscular Recovery Scale items focused on sitting trunk control (Sit, Sit-up, Trunk extension in sitting, Reverse sit-up) were assessed. (3) . In summary, neither statistically significant differences nor large Effect Size were promoted by robotic postural stand training for the sitting outcomes considered for analysis. (4) . The findings of the present study, together with previous observations, may suggest that robotic postural stand training with Stand-scES promoted trunk motor learning that was posture- and/or task-specific and, by itself, was not sufficient to significantly impact sitting postural control.