Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
Departamento de Química, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Grupo de Materiales con Impacto, Mat&mpac, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia.
J Environ Manage. 2024 Sep;368:122162. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122162. Epub 2024 Aug 11.
Husks of rice (RH), coffee (CH), and cholupa (CLH) were used to produce natural adsorbents. The natural adsorbents were used to remove pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac, ciprofloxacin, and acetaminophen in a mixture of distilled water. However, CH stood out for its efficiency in removing ciprofloxacin (74%) due to the higher concentration of acidic groups, as indicated by the Boehm method. In addition, CH removed 86% of ciprofloxacin individually. Therefore, CH was selected and used to remove other fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin and Norfloxacin. Although electrostatic interactions favored removals, better removal was observed for ciprofloxacin due to its smaller molecular volume. Then, ciprofloxacin was selected, and the effect of pH, matrix, and adsorbent doses were evaluated. In this way, using a pH of 6.2 in urine with a dose of 1.5 g L, it is possible to adsorb CIP concentrations in the range (0.0050-0.42 mmol L). Subsequently, the high R values and low percentages of APE and Δq indicated better fits for pseudo-second-order kinetics, suggesting a two-stage adsorption. At the same time, the Langmuir isotherm recommends a monolayer adsorption with a Q of 25.2 mg g. In addition, a cost of 0.373 USD/g CIP was estimated for the process, where the material can be reused up to 4 times with a CIP removal in the urine of 51%. Consequently, thermodynamics analysis showed an exothermic and spontaneous process with high disorder. Furthermore, changes in FTIR analysis after adsorption suggest that CH in removing CIP in urine involves electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions. In addition, the life cycle analysis presents, for the 11 categories evaluated, a lower environmental impact of the CIP removal in urine with CH than for the preparation of adsorbent, confirming that the adsorption process is more environmentally friendly than materials synthesis or other alternatives of treatments. Furthermore, future directions of the study based on real applications were proposed.
稻壳 (RH)、咖啡渣 (CH) 和玉米粉蒸肉 (CLH) 被用来制备天然吸附剂。这些天然吸附剂被用于去除混合在蒸馏水中的药物，如双氯芬酸、环丙沙星和对乙酰氨基酚。然而，由于 Boehm 方法指示的更高浓度的酸性基团，CH 对去除环丙沙星（74%）表现出更高的效率。此外，CH 单独去除了 86%的环丙沙星。因此，选择 CH 并用于去除其他氟喹诺酮类药物，如左氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星。尽管静电相互作用有利于去除，但由于其较小的分子体积，对环丙沙星的去除效果更好。然后，选择环丙沙星，并评估 pH 值、基质和吸附剂剂量的影响。这样，在尿液中使用 pH 值为 6.2 并投加 1.5 g L 的剂量，就可以吸附 0.0050-0.42 mmol L 范围内的 CIP 浓度。随后，高 R 值和低 APE 和 Δq 百分比表明准二级动力学的拟合更好，表明存在两阶段吸附。同时，Langmuir 等温线推荐单层吸附，Q 值为 25.2 mg g。此外，估计该过程的 CIP 成本为 0.373 美元/g，其中该材料可以重复使用 4 次，在尿液中的 CIP 去除率为 51%。因此，热力学分析表明该过程是放热和自发的，具有较高的无序性。此外，吸附后 FTIR 分析的变化表明，CH 在尿液中去除 CIP 涉及静电吸引、氢键和 π-π 相互作用。此外，生命周期分析显示，对于评估的 11 个类别，使用 CH 去除尿液中的 CIP 比制备吸附剂的环境影响更小，这证实了吸附过程比材料合成或其他处理替代方案更环保。此外，还提出了基于实际应用的未来研究方向。
