ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 Aug;31(39):52233-52252. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-34659-y. Epub 2024 Aug 14.
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TRIM) are two of the most used antibiotics in the last 50 years, to prevent and treat bacterial infections; however, the available literature about toxicity to non-target organisms is quite discrepant and incomplete. This study aims to assess the SMX and TRIM ecotoxicological effects in standard species: Aliivibrio fischeri (bioluminescence inhibition), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (growth inhibition), Lemna minor (growth inhibition and biochemical biomarkers), Daphnia magna (immobilization/mortality, life history traits, and biochemical biomarkers), and Danio rerio (survival, hatching, abnormalities, and biochemical biomarkers). The species tested showed different acute sensitivities to SMX (A. fischeri < D. magna < E. coli < L. minor) and TRIM (L. minor < A. fischeri < D. magna < E. coli). Overall, TRIM reveals less toxicity than SMX, except for E. coli (Ecotoxicological approach based on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing - EcoAST procedure). Both antibiotics affect individually (e.g., growth and survival) and sub-individually (e.g., antioxidant defenses) L. minor, D. magna, and D. rerio. This study allowed us to generate relevant data and fill gaps in the literature regarding the effects of SMX and TRIM in aquatic organisms. The here-obtained results can be used to (i) complete and re-evaluate the Safety Data Sheet to improve the assessment of environmental safety and management of national and international entities; (ii) clarify the environmental risks of these antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems reinforcing the inclusion in the 4th Watch List of priority substances to be monitored in whole inland waters by the Water Framework Directive; and (iii) combat the development of antimicrobial resistance, as well as supporting the definition of environmental measurements in the context of European One Health Action Plan. However, it is essential to continue studying these antibiotics to better understand their toxicity at ecologically relevant concentrations and their long-term effects under different climatic change scenarios.
磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）和甲氧苄啶（TRIM）是过去 50 年来使用最广泛的两种抗生素，用于预防和治疗细菌感染；然而，关于它们对非靶标生物毒性的可用文献差异很大且不完整。本研究旨在评估 SMX 和 TRIM 在标准物种中的生态毒理学效应：发光菌（发光抑制）、大肠杆菌 ATCC 25922（生长抑制）、浮萍（生长抑制和生化生物标志物）、大型溞（固定/死亡率、生活史特征和生化生物标志物）和斑马鱼（存活、孵化、异常和生化生物标志物）。测试的物种对 SMX（发光菌<大型溞<大肠杆菌<浮萍）和 TRIM（浮萍<发光菌<大型溞<大肠杆菌）的急性敏感性不同。总体而言，TRIM 的毒性小于 SMX，除了大肠杆菌（基于抗菌药物敏感性测试的生态毒理学方法 - EcoAST 程序）。两种抗生素都单独（例如生长和存活）和亚个体（例如抗氧化防御）影响浮萍、大型溞和斑马鱼。本研究使我们能够生成有关 SMX 和 TRIM 对水生生物影响的相关数据并填补文献中的空白。这里获得的结果可用于：（i） 补充和重新评估安全数据表，以提高对环境安全性的评估和国家及国际实体的管理；（ii） 阐明这些抗生素在水生生态系统中的环境风险，加强将其列入优先物质第 4 观察名单，以便内陆水域的水框架指令进行全面监测；（iii） 对抗抗菌药物的耐药性发展，并支持在欧洲健康行动计划的背景下确定环境测量值。然而，必须继续研究这些抗生素，以更好地了解它们在生态相关浓度下的毒性及其在不同气候变化情景下的长期影响。
