Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran.
Natural Products & Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences Bojnurd, Bojnurd, Iran.
Drug Dev Res. 2024 Aug;85(5):e22244. doi: 10.1002/ddr.22244.
Nanovaccines have been designed to overcome the limitations associated with conventional vaccines. Effective delivery methods such as engineered carriers or smart nanoparticles (NPs) are critical requisites for inducing self-tolerance and optimizing vaccine immunogenicity with minimum side effects. NPs can be used as adjuvants, immunogens, or nanocarriers to develop nanovaccines for efficient antigen delivery. Multiloaded nanovaccines carrying multiple tumor antigens along with immunostimulants can effectively increase immunity against tumor cells. They can be biologically engineered to boost interactions with dendritic cells and to allow a gradual and constant antigen release. Modifying NPs surface properties, using high-density lipoprotein-mimicking nanodiscs, and developing nano-based artificial antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cell-derived-exosomes are amongst the new developed technologies to enhance antigen-presentation and immune reactions against tumor cells. The present review provides an overview on the different perspectives, improvements, and barriers of successful clinical application of current cancer therapeutic and vaccination options. The immunomodulatory effects of different types of nanovaccines and the nanoparticles incorporated into their structure are described. The advantages of using nanovaccines to prevent and treat common illnesses such as AIDS, malaria, cancer and tuberculosis are discussed. Further, potential paths to develop optimal cancer vaccines are described. Given the immunosuppressive characteristics of both cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, applying immunomodulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with other conventional anticancer therapies are necessary to boost the effectiveness of the immune response.
纳米疫苗旨在克服传统疫苗的局限性。有效的传递方法，如工程载体或智能纳米颗粒（NPs），是诱导自身耐受和优化疫苗免疫原性、减少副作用的关键要求。NPs 可用作佐剂、免疫原或纳米载体，用于开发高效抗原传递的纳米疫苗。携带多种肿瘤抗原和免疫刺激剂的多载纳米疫苗可有效增强对肿瘤细胞的免疫力。它们可以进行生物工程改造，以增强与树突状细胞的相互作用，并允许逐渐和持续释放抗原。修饰 NPs 表面特性、使用高密度脂蛋白模拟纳米盘、开发基于纳米的人工抗原呈递细胞（如树突状细胞衍生的外泌体）是增强抗原呈递和免疫反应的新技术。本综述概述了当前癌症治疗和疫苗接种选择成功临床应用的不同观点、改进和障碍。描述了不同类型的纳米疫苗及其结构中包含的纳米颗粒的免疫调节作用。讨论了使用纳米疫苗预防和治疗艾滋病、疟疾、癌症和结核病等常见疾病的优势。进一步描述了开发最佳癌症疫苗的潜在途径。鉴于癌细胞和肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制特性，有必要将免疫调节剂和免疫检查点抑制剂与其他常规抗癌疗法联合应用，以增强免疫反应的有效性。
