Association of serum uric acid with male sexual hormones and erectile dysfunction: a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.

BACKGROUND

Observational studies indicated that serum uric acid (SUA) was associated with male sexual hormones and erectile dysfunction (ED). However, their relationship was still heterogeneous.

AIM

This study conducted 2-sample univariate mendelian randomization (UVMR) and multivariate mendelian randomization (MVMR) to explore the causal relationship between SUA and sexual hormones as well as ED.

METHODS

Genetic variants associated with SUA were derived from the UK Biobank database (N = 437 354). Outcomes from the IEU Open GWAS and summary data sets were sexual hormones (sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG], testosterone, estradiol [E2], follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone) and ED, with 3301 to 625 650 participants. UVMR analysis primarily utilized the inverse variance weighted method, complemented by MVMR analysis. Thorough sensitivity analyses were carried out to ensure the reliability of results. Moreover, mediation analysis was conducted to estimate the mediated effect between SUA and outcomes.

OUTCOMES

The primary outcomes included results of UVMR and MVMR analysis and mediation analysis, along with sensitivity analyses involving the Cochran test, the MR Egger intercept test, leave-1-out analysis, and the MR-PRESSO method (mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier).

RESULTS

UVMR analysis revealed that an elevated SUA level could decrease levels of SHBG (β = -0.10,  = 1.70 × 10) and testosterone (β = -0.10,  = 5.94 × 10) and had a positive causal effect on ED (odds ratio, 1.10;  = .018). According to reverse mendelian randomization results, increased levels of SHBG (β = -0.06,  = 4.82 × 10) and E2 (β = -0.04,  = .037) could also reduce SUA levels. As shown by MVMR analysis, SUA had a negative effect on SHBG and testosterone levels ( .05), while the significant causal relationship between SUA and ED disappeared. Furthermore, SHBG mediated 98.1% of the effect of SUA on testosterone levels. Results of other mendelian randomization analyses were not statistically significant. No pleiotropy was found by sensitivity analysis in this study.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Given the causal relationship between SUA and sexual hormones, we must focus on SUA and E2 levels in men, especially patients with hypogonadism and ED.

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS

This study evaluated the causal effect of SUA on male sexual hormones and ED genetically for the first time, clarifying the common biases in observational studies and confirming the negative relationship between SUA and testosterone level. Limitations include a population based on European ancestry, some crossover of the samples, and unobserved confounding factors.

CONCLUSION

Genetic studies provide evidence for the causal relationship between SUA and male sexual hormones (SHBG, testosterone, E2), while the relationship between SUA and ED should be further evaluated.