Ensemble Inequivalence in Long-Range Quantum Systems.

Ensemble inequivalence, i.e., the possibility of observing different thermodynamic properties depending on the statistical ensemble which describes the system, is one of the hallmarks of long-range physics, which has been demonstrated in numerous classical systems. Here, an example of ensemble inequivalence of a long-range quantum ferromagnet is presented. While the T=0 microcanonical quantum phase-diagram coincides with that of the canonical ensemble, the phase diagrams of the two ensembles are different at finite temperature. This is in contrast with the common lore of statistical mechanics of systems with short-range interactions where thermodynamic properties are bound to coincide for macroscopic systems described by different ensembles. The consequences of these findings in the context of atomic, molecular, and optical setups are delineated.