Effect of Particle Shape on the Flow of an Hourglass.

The flow rate of a granulate out of a cylindrical container is studied as a function of particle shape for flat and elongated ellipsoids experimentally and numerically. We find a nonmonotonic dependence of the flow rate on the grain aspect ratio a/b. Starting from spheres the flow rate grows and has two maxima around the aspect ratios of a/b≈0.6 (lentil-like ellipsoids) and a/b≈1.5 (ricelike ellipsoids) reaching a flow rate increase of about 15% for lentils compared to spheres. For even more anisometric shapes (a/b=0.25 and a/b=4) the flow rate drops. Our results reveal two contributing factors to the nonmonotonic nature of the flow rate: both the packing fraction and the particle velocity through the orifice are nonmonotonic functions of the grain shape. Thus, particles with slightly nonspherical shapes not only form a better packing in the silo but also move faster through the orifice than spheres. We also show that the resistance of the granulate against shearing increases with aspect ratio for both elongated and flat particles; thus change in the effective friction of the granulate due to changing particle shape does not coincide with the trend in the flow rate.