Biochar-mediated bioremediation: a sustainable strategy to increase Avena sativa L. tolerance to crude oil soil contamination.

The present work investigated the effects of different doses of biochar (2.5%, 5%, 10%), a by-product of the pyrolysis of woody biomass, on the growth of oat plants (Avena sativa L., cv "Danko") grown under different crude oil concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 6%) added to the soil, evaluating both biometric (i.e. fresh weight) and biochemical (i.e., content of malondialdehyde and proline, and total antioxidant power) parameters. The findings indicate that biochar positively influences the fresh weight of oat plants across all concentrations of crude oil investigated. On the other hand, regarding oxidative stress, measured by malondialdehyde and proline content, biochar led to a significant reduction, with statistical significance observed at biochar concentrations > 2.5% and crude oil levels > 2% (malondialdehyde: ranging from -25% to -38%; proline ranging from -33% to -52%). Soil amendment with biochar increased the total antioxidant power, particularly at biochar concentrations > 2.5% and crude oil levels > 2% (ranging from + 20% to + 98%). These results suggest that biochar has a great potential in mitigating the negative effects of crude oil contamination on plant growth and oxidative stress levels, thereby highlighting its value as a conditioner in contaminated soils.