The effect of biochar on severity of soil water repellency of crude oil-contaminated soil.

Crude oil contamination adversely affects soil water repellency. In this study the effect of biochar on this soil characteristic has been investigated in the laboratory. Soil sample was collected from a field located near Pars Oil Company, at the top depth of 0-15 cm below surface. After air-drying and passing through a 2-mm sieve, the soil was artificially contaminated with four levels of crude oil (1:0, 1:25, 1:16.6, and 1:12.5 ratios). Biochars used in this research were generated from beechwood and maize residues at three different pyrolysis temperatures (350 °C, 550 °C, and 750 °C). Chemical functionality of all biochar samples was determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. Sufficient amounts of beechwood and maize biochars, passed through a 0.053-mm and 2-mm sieves, were mixed into crude oil-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% of total dry soil weight. The mixed samples were then laboratory incubated for 90 days at 24 °C and 10% soil moisture. Water repellency was measured using water drop penetration time (WDPT). The experimental results showed that functional groups on the biochars' surfaces produced at the studied temperatures were distinct. Beechwood and fine size of biochar showed more ability in reducing the hydrophobicity. The produced biochars, at higher temperature, had more potential to alleviate water repellency due to the strong interactions between functional groups of biochars and crude oil. The highest amount of biochar used (2%) significantly alleviated water repellency.