Department of Neurosurgery and Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin & Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
Mil Med. 2024 Aug 19;189(Suppl 3):659-664. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usae214.
While the 44-mm clay penetration criterion was developed in the 1970s for soft body armor applications, and the researchers acknowledged the need to conduct additional tests, the same behind the armor blunt trauma displacement limit is used for both soft and hard body armor evaluations and design considerations. Because the human thoraco-abdominal contents are heterogeneous, have different skeletal coverage, and have different functional requirements, the same level of penetration limit does not imply the same level of protection. It is important to determine the regional responses of different thoraco-abdominal organs to better describe human tolerance and improve the current behind armor blunt trauma standard. The purpose of this study was to report on the methods, procedures, and data collected from swine.
Live swine tests were conducted after obtaining approvals from the local institution and the Army Care and Use Review Office of the U.S. Department of Defense. Trachea tubes and an intravenous line were introduced before administering anesthesia. Pressure transducers were inserted into the lungs and aorta. An indenter simulating the backface deformation profiles produced by body armor from military-relevant ballistics to human cadavers was used to deliver impact loading to the liver region. A triaxial accelerometer was included in the indenter design. The animals were monitored for 6 hours, necropsies were performed, and injuries were identified. Biomechanical data of the energy, velocity, deflection, viscous criterion, force, and impulse variables were obtained for each test.
Peak accelerations, velocities, deflections, forces, impulse, and energies ranged from 897 to 5,808 g, 21 to 59 m/s, 1.96 to 8.87 cm, 2.3 to 13.1 kN, 1.1 to 7.1 Ns, and 58 to 387 J, respectively. The peak viscous criterion ranged from 0.8 to 5.8 m/s. All animals survived the 6-hour survival period. Three animals responded with liver lacerations while the remaining 4 did not have any injuries.
The experimental design based on parallel tests with whole body human cadavers and cadaver swine was found to be successful in delivering controlled impacts to the liver region of live swine and reproducing liver injuries. Previously used biomechanical measures as potential candidates for injury criteria development were obtained. Using this proven model, tests with additional samples are needed to develop injury risk curves for liver impacts and obtain regional (liver) injury criteria.
虽然 44 毫米的泥土穿透标准是在 20 世纪 70 年代为软质防弹衣应用而制定的，研究人员也承认需要进行额外的测试，但同一装甲背面钝器创伤位移极限既用于软质和硬质防弹衣评估和设计考虑。由于人体胸腹内容物是不均匀的，具有不同的骨骼覆盖范围，并且具有不同的功能要求，因此相同的穿透极限并不意味着相同的保护水平。确定不同胸腹器官的区域反应非常重要，以便更好地描述人体耐受能力并改进当前的装甲背面钝器创伤标准。本研究的目的是报告从猪身上获得的方法、程序和数据。
在获得当地机构和美国国防部陆军护理和使用审查办公室的批准后，对活猪进行了测试。在给予麻醉之前，插入气管管和静脉输液管。将压力传感器插入肺部和主动脉。使用模拟军用相关弹道对人体尸体造成的背面变形轮廓的冲击器将冲击载荷传递到肝脏区域。冲击器设计中包含一个三轴加速度计。对动物进行了 6 小时的监测，进行了尸检，并确定了损伤。获得了每个测试的能量、速度、挠度、粘性标准、力和脉冲变量的加速度、速度、挠度、力、脉冲和能量的峰值。
峰值加速度、速度、挠度、力、脉冲和能量范围分别为 897 至 5808g、21 至 59m/s、1.96 至 8.87cm、2.3 至 13.1kN、1.1 至 7.1Ns 和 58 至 387J。峰值粘性标准范围为 0.8 至 5.8m/s。所有动物均在 6 小时的存活期内存活。三只动物出现肝脏撕裂伤，而其余四只动物没有任何损伤。
基于对全身人体尸体和尸体猪进行平行测试的实验设计，成功地将受控冲击传递到活猪的肝脏区域，并再现了肝脏损伤。获得了先前用作损伤标准发展潜在候选物的生物力学测量值。使用这种经过验证的模型，需要进行更多样本的测试，以开发肝脏冲击的损伤风险曲线并获得区域（肝脏）损伤标准。
