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最可怕的蘑菇毒素：其毒理学机制、化学结构特征及治疗方法综述

The most dreadful mushroom toxins: a review of their toxicological mechanisms, chemical structural characteristics, and treatment.

作者信息

Gouvinhas Irene, Silva Jani, Alves Maria José, Garcia Juliana

机构信息

CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences/ Inov4Agro - Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001- 801 Vila Real, Portugal.

AquaValor - Centro de Valorização e Transferência de Tecnologia da Água - Associação, Rua Dr. Júlio Martins n.º 1, 5400-342 Chaves, Portugal.

出版信息

EXCLI J. 2024 May 28;23:833-859. doi: 10.17179/excli2024-7257. eCollection 2024.

DOI:10.17179/excli2024-7257
PMID:39165585
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11333700/
Abstract

Mushroom consumption is a worldwide custom that continues to grow in popularity. On the other hand, foraging for wild mushrooms can lead to serious disease and even death if deadly mushrooms are accidentally consumed. Mushroom poisoning is difficult to diagnose and treat since the symptoms are similar to those of other disorders. In terms of chemistry, mushroom poisoning is associated with extraordinarily strong toxins, meaning that isolating and identifying toxins has substantial scientific relevance, especially in understanding the lethal components of toxic mushrooms. Most of these toxins exhibit exceptional physiological features that might help enhance chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology research. Despite the discovery of more than 100 poisons, several dangerous mushrooms remain unexplored. This review covers the chemistry (including chemical structures, complete synthesis, and biosynthesis), as well as the toxicology, namely the toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicology, and clinical toxicology of these poisons, in addition to the discussion of the development of their most effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies with the hopes of spurring additional studies, focusing on individual classes of toxins found in poisonous mushrooms such as amatoxins, gyromitrin, orellanine, and phallatoxins. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).

摘要

食用蘑菇是一种在全球范围内流行且愈发受欢迎的习俗。另一方面，采摘野生蘑菇如果不小心误食了有毒蘑菇，可能会导致严重疾病甚至死亡。蘑菇中毒很难诊断和治疗，因为其症状与其他疾病相似。从化学角度来看，蘑菇中毒与极强的毒素有关，这意味着分离和鉴定毒素具有重大的科学意义，特别是在了解有毒蘑菇的致死成分方面。这些毒素大多具有独特的生理特性，可能有助于推动化学、生物化学、生理学和药理学研究。尽管已经发现了100多种毒素，但仍有几种危险蘑菇未被研究。本综述涵盖了这些毒素的化学（包括化学结构、全合成和生物合成）以及毒理学，即毒物代谢动力学、毒理学机制和临床毒理学，此外还讨论了其最有效的诊断和治疗策略的发展，希望能激发更多研究，重点关注毒蘑菇中发现的各类毒素，如鹅膏毒素、鹿花菌素、奥来毒素和鬼笔毒素。另见图1（图形摘要）。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/22374d52551a/EXCLI-23-833-g-014.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/17f879a7e4bb/EXCLI-23-833-g-001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/d35c3261e60b/EXCLI-23-833-g-002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/2b05a75ab34d/EXCLI-23-833-g-003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/4e234ee8d336/EXCLI-23-833-g-004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/ddf784ba54b6/EXCLI-23-833-g-005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/010278473e2b/EXCLI-23-833-g-006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/1c563422ca41/EXCLI-23-833-g-007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/01307e821405/EXCLI-23-833-g-008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/00bfa851c081/EXCLI-23-833-g-009.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/565ae384acb2/EXCLI-23-833-g-010.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/c5cddc56cc88/EXCLI-23-833-g-011.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/26294fd3bc78/EXCLI-23-833-g-012.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/f06cc08b4348/EXCLI-23-833-g-013.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/22374d52551a/EXCLI-23-833-g-014.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/17f879a7e4bb/EXCLI-23-833-g-001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/d35c3261e60b/EXCLI-23-833-g-002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/2b05a75ab34d/EXCLI-23-833-g-003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/4e234ee8d336/EXCLI-23-833-g-004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/ddf784ba54b6/EXCLI-23-833-g-005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/010278473e2b/EXCLI-23-833-g-006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/1c563422ca41/EXCLI-23-833-g-007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/01307e821405/EXCLI-23-833-g-008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/00bfa851c081/EXCLI-23-833-g-009.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/565ae384acb2/EXCLI-23-833-g-010.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/c5cddc56cc88/EXCLI-23-833-g-011.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/26294fd3bc78/EXCLI-23-833-g-012.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/f06cc08b4348/EXCLI-23-833-g-013.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a1bf/11333700/22374d52551a/EXCLI-23-833-g-014.jpg

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