Dynamic Norms and Vaping: A Test of Four Mediators.

The prevalence of vaping among young people is a public health crisis. Social norms can contribute to the problem, but also to the solution.  The current study examined young adults' responses to anti-vaping messages that varied on two features: social norms and behavioral framing. College students ( = 270) were randomly assigned to one of five conditions in a 2 (social norm: dynamic norm, static norm) X 2 (behavioral framing: vaping, not vaping) between-subjects factorial design with a no message control condition ( range = 49-58 in each condition).  Independent samples -test, univariate analysis of variance, and structural equation modeling were used to test hypotheses and answer research questions. Results showed main effects of social norm, such that the dynamic (vs. static) norm message led to higher preconformity ( <.001) and self-efficacy ( = .012), and lower freedom threat ( = .040) and reactance ( < .001). There was also an indirect effect of dynamic norm on attitude as mediated by self-efficacy ( = .040). No main effect of behavioral framing was observed. Few interactions between social norm and behavioral framing were observed on preconformity ( < .001), anger ( < .001), and negative cognitions ( = .003).  Overall, findings suggest a persuasive advantage for a dynamic norm relative to a static norm. Theoretically, these findings add to the literature suggesting the persuasiveness of dynamic norms. Practically, these results imply anti-vaping campaigns targeting young populations should communicate the changing (dynamic) norms in regard to (not) vaping.