Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA.
Department of Biology, Queens University of Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2024 Nov;43(11):2365-2376. doi: 10.1002/etc.5974. Epub 2024 Aug 22.
Parabens are alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that are commonly used as preservatives in personal care products such as cosmetics. Recent studies have revealed the presence of parabens in surface and tap water because of their use as disinfection products; however, little is known about their occurrence in biological samples and their bioaccumulation potential, particularly in raptor birds known as sentinels for pollutant detection. We examined the occurrence and tissue distribution of parabens, their metabolites, and halogenated byproducts in the liver, kidney, brain, and muscle of birds of prey from Texas and North Carolina (USA). Methylparaben (MeP), propylparaben (PrP), and butylparaben (BuP) were detected in more than 50% of all tissues examined, with the kidney exhibiting the highest concentration of MeP (0.65-6.84 ng/g wet wt). Para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), a primary metabolite, had the highest detection frequency (>50%) and a high accumulation range in the liver, of 4.64 to 12.55 ng/g. The chlorinated compounds chloromethylparaben and chloroethylparaben were found in over half of the tissues, of which dichloromethylparaben (2.20-3.99 ng/g) and dichloroethylparaben (1.01-5.95 ng/g) in the kidney exhibited the highest concentrations. The dibrominated derivatives dibromideethylparaben (Br2EtP) was detected in more than 50% of samples, particularly in muscle and brain. Concentrations in the range of 0.14 to 17.38 ng/g of Br2EtP were detected in the kidney. Dibromidepropylparaben (Br2PrP) was not frequently detected, but concentrations ranged from 0.09 to 21.70 ng/g in muscle. The accumulations of total amounts (sum) of parent parabens (∑P), metabolites (∑M), and halogenated byproducts (∑H) in different species were not significantly different, but their distribution in tissues differed among the species. Positive correlations were observed among MeP, PrP, BuP, and PHBA in the liver, suggesting similar origins and metabolic pathways. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2365-2376. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
对羟基苯甲酸酯是对羟基苯甲酸的烷基酯，通常用作化妆品等个人护理产品的防腐剂。最近的研究表明，由于对羟基苯甲酸酯被用作消毒产品，它们会出现在地表水和自来水中；然而，关于它们在生物样本中的存在及其生物累积潜力，特别是在作为污染物检测哨兵的猛禽鸟类中，人们知之甚少。我们检查了来自德克萨斯州和北卡罗来纳州（美国）的猛禽鸟类的肝脏、肾脏、大脑和肌肉中对羟基苯甲酸酯、其代谢物和卤代副产物的存在和组织分布。在检查的所有组织中，超过 50%的组织中检测到了甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯（MeP）、丙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（PrP）和丁基对羟基苯甲酸酯（BuP），其中肾脏中 MeP 的浓度最高（0.65-6.84ng/g 湿重）。主要代谢产物对羟基苯甲酸（PHBA）的检测频率>50%，在肝脏中的积累范围较高，为 4.64-12.55ng/g。在超过一半的组织中发现了氯化化合物氯甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯和氯乙基对羟基苯甲酸酯，其中肾脏中的二氯甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯（2.20-3.99ng/g）和二氯乙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（1.01-5.95ng/g）浓度最高。二溴代衍生物二溴代乙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（Br2EtP）在超过 50%的样品中被检测到，特别是在肌肉和大脑中。在肾脏中检测到 Br2EtP 的浓度范围为 0.14-17.38ng/g。二溴代丙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（Br2PrP）检测频率不高，但肌肉中的浓度范围为 0.09-21.70ng/g。不同物种中母体对羟基苯甲酸酯（∑P）、代谢物（∑M）和卤代副产物（∑H）的总量（总和）的积累没有显著差异，但它们在组织中的分布在物种间存在差异。在肝脏中，MeP、PrP、BuP 和 PHBA 之间存在正相关，表明它们具有相似的来源和代谢途径。环境毒理学与化学 2024；43:2365-2376。©2024 作者。环境毒理学与化学由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。
