Yao Yu, Fu Yufeng, Zhang Chengwu, Zhang Hui, Qin Chuanyu
Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
J Hazard Mater. 2024 Oct 5;478:135458. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135458. Epub 2024 Aug 8.
Surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) has effectively removed dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) from the contaminated aquifers. However, restricted by structural defects, typical monomeric surfactants undergo precipitation, high adsorption loss, and poor solubilization in aquifers, resulting in low remediation efficiency. In this study, a novel sugar-based anionic and non-ionic Gemini surfactant (SANG) was designed and synthesized for SEAR. Glucose was introduced into SANG as a non-ionic group to overcome the interference of low temperature and ions in groundwater. Sodium sulfonate was introduced as an anionic group to overcome aquifer adsorption loss. Two long-straight carbon chains were introduced as hydrophobic groups to provide high surface activity and solubilizing capacity. Even with low temperature or high salt content, its solution did not precipitate in aquifer conditions. The adsorption loss was as low as 0.54 and 0.90 mg/g in medium and fine sand, respectively. Compared with typical surfactants used for SEAR, SANG had the highest solubilization and desorption abilities for perchloroethylene (PCE) without emulsification, a crucial negative that Tween80 and other non-ionic surfactants exhibit. After flushing the contaminated aquifer using SANG, > 99 % of PCE was removed. Thus, with low potential environmental risk, SANG is effectively applicable in subsurface remediation, making it a better surfactant choice for SEAR.
表面活性剂强化含水层修复（SEAR）已有效地从受污染的含水层中去除了致密非水相液体（DNAPL）。然而，受结构缺陷的限制，典型的单体表面活性剂会发生沉淀、高吸附损失，并且在含水层中的增溶能力较差，导致修复效率低下。在本研究中，设计并合成了一种新型的基于糖的阴离子和非离子 Gemini 表面活性剂（SANG）用于 SEAR。将葡萄糖作为非离子基团引入 SANG 中，以克服低温和地下水中离子的干扰。引入磺酸钠作为阴离子基团，以克服含水层的吸附损失。引入两条长直碳链作为疏水基团，以提供高表面活性和增溶能力。即使在低温或高盐含量的情况下，其溶液在含水层条件下也不会沉淀。在中砂和细砂中的吸附损失分别低至 0.54 和 0.90 mg/g。与用于 SEAR 的典型表面活性剂相比，SANG 对全氯乙烯（PCE）具有最高的增溶和解吸能力，且不会乳化，而吐温 80 和其他非离子表面活性剂则存在这一关键缺点。使用 SANG 冲洗受污染的含水层后，>99%的 PCE 被去除。因此，SANG 具有较低的潜在环境风险，可有效地应用于地下修复，使其成为 SEAR 更好的表面活性剂选择。
