Self-hybridization structures of BiOBrCl: An ultra-high capacity anode material for half/full potassium-ion batteries.

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are gaining attention among emerging technologies for their cost-effectiveness and the abundance of resources they utilize. Within this context, bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX) have emerged as exceptional candidates for anode materials in PIBs due to their unique structural and superior electrochemical properties. However, challenges such as structural instability and low electronic conductivity remain to be addressed. In this study, a flower-like BiOBrCl/rGO composite anode material was synthesized, demonstrating outstanding K storage performance. The self-hybridized structure enhances ion adsorption and diffusion, which in turn improves charge and discharge efficiency as well as long-term stability. In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests confirmed the gradual release and alloying potassium storage mechanism of Bi metal, which occurs through the intermediate KBiOBrCl phase within the BiOBrCl anode. This composite exhibited a high specific capacity of 246.4 mAh/g at 50 A/g and maintained excellent capacity retention after 2400 cycles at 5 A/g. Additionally, in full battery tests, it showed good rate performance and long cycle life, maintaining a discharge specific capacity of 119.6 mAh/g at a high current density of 10 A/g. Comprehensive characterizations revealed insights into the structural, electrochemical, and kinetic properties, advancing high-performance PIBs.