Li Qiyao, Zhang Yan, Chen Chen, Lou Jianlin, Wang Shenghang, Hang Jin Guo, Nakayama Shoji F, Kido Teruhiko, Feng Hao, Sun Xian Liang, Shan Jiancong
School of Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital Huzhou University Huzhou China.
Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University Taizhou China.
Geohealth. 2024 Aug 21;8(8):e2024GH001142. doi: 10.1029/2024GH001142. eCollection 2024 Aug.
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are long-lasting environmental contaminants that are released into the environment during the e-waste disassembly process, pose a threat to human health. Human milk is a complex and dynamic mixture of endogenous and exogenous substances, including steroid hormones and PFAS. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the association between PFAS and steroid hormones in human milk from women living close to an e-waste disassembly area. In 2021, we collected milk samples from 150 mothers within 4 weeks of delivery and analyzed them via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine the levels of 21 perfluorinated compounds and five steroid hormones (estrone, estriol, testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione [A-dione]). We also performed multiple linear regression analysis to clarify the association between maternal PFAS exposure and steroid hormone concentrations. Our results indicated that PFOA and PFOS were positively associated with estrone (, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.08-0.39) and A-dione (, 0.186; 95% CI, 0.016-0.357) concentrations in human milk, respectively. Further, the average estimated daily intake of PFOA and PFOS were 36.5 ng/kg bw/day (range, 0.52-291.7 ng/kg bw/day) and 5.21 ng/kg bw/day (range, 0.26-32.3 ng/kg bw/day), respectively. Of concern, the PFAS intake of breastfeeding infants in the study area was higher than the recommended threshold. These findings suggested that prenatal exposure to PFAS from the e-waste disassembly process can influence steroid hormones levels in human milk. Increased efforts to mitigate mother and infant exposure to environmental pollutants are also required.
全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）是持久性环境污染物，在电子垃圾拆解过程中释放到环境中，对人类健康构成威胁。人乳是内源性和外源性物质的复杂动态混合物，包括类固醇激素和PFAS。因此，在本研究中，我们旨在调查居住在电子垃圾拆解区域附近的女性人乳中PFAS与类固醇激素之间的关联。2021年，我们在分娩后4周内收集了150名母亲的乳汁样本，并通过液相色谱-串联质谱法对其进行分析，以测定21种全氟化合物和五种类固醇激素（雌酮、雌三醇、睾酮、孕酮和雄烯二酮[A-二酮]）的水平。我们还进行了多元线性回归分析，以阐明母亲PFAS暴露与类固醇激素浓度之间的关联。我们的结果表明，全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）分别与人乳中雌酮（β = 0.23；95%置信区间，0.08 - 0.39）和A-二酮（β = 0.186；95%置信区间，0.016 - 0.357）的浓度呈正相关。此外，PFOA和PFOS的平均估计每日摄入量分别为36.5 ng/kg体重/天（范围，0.52 - 291.7 ng/kg体重/天）和5.21 ng/kg体重/天（范围，0.26 - 32.3 ng/kg体重/天）。令人担忧的是，研究区域内母乳喂养婴儿的PFAS摄入量高于推荐阈值。这些发现表明，产前通过电子垃圾拆解过程接触PFAS会影响人乳中的类固醇激素水平。还需要加大力度减轻母婴对环境污染物的暴露。
