Hromić-Jahjefendić Altijana, Mahmutović Lejla, Sezer Abas, Bećirević Tea, Rubio-Casillas Alberto, Redwan Elrashdy M, Uversky Vladimir N
Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka cesta 15, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Atrijum Polyclinic, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2025 Apr;82:43-54. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.08.002. Epub 2024 Aug 14.
Long COVID-19 affects a significant percentage of patients and is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, including weariness and mental fog as well as emotional symptoms like worry and sadness. COVID-19 is closely linked to the autoimmune disorders that are becoming more prevalent worldwide and are linked to immune system hyperactivation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) development, and molecular mimicry pathways. Long-term COVID-related autoimmune responses include a watchful immune system referring to the ability of immune system to constantly monitor the body for signs of infection, disease, or abnormal cells; altered innate and adaptive immune cells, autoantigens secreted by living or dead neutrophils, and high concentrations of autoantibodies directed against different proteins. The microbiome, which consists of billions of bacteria living in the human body, is essential for controlling immune responses and supporting overall health. The microbiome can affect the course of long COVID-associated autoimmunity, including the degree of illness, the rate of recovery, and the onset of autoimmune reactions. Although the precise role of the microbiome in long COVID autoimmunity is still being investigated, new studies indicate that probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary changes-interventions that target the microbiome-may be able to reduce autoimmune reactions and enhance long-term outcomes for COVID-19 survivors. More research is required to precisely understand how the microbiome affects COVID-19-related autoimmunity and to create tailored treatment plans.
新冠长期症状影响着相当比例的患者，其特征是出现多种症状，包括疲倦、脑雾以及焦虑和悲伤等情绪症状。新冠与自身免疫性疾病密切相关，这些疾病在全球范围内日益普遍，与免疫系统过度激活、中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（NET）形成以及分子模拟途径有关。与新冠长期相关的自身免疫反应包括警惕的免疫系统，即免疫系统持续监测身体是否有感染、疾病或异常细胞迹象的能力；先天和适应性免疫细胞改变、活的或死的中性粒细胞分泌的自身抗原，以及针对不同蛋白质的高浓度自身抗体。微生物群由生活在人体中的数十亿细菌组成，对控制免疫反应和维持整体健康至关重要。微生物群可影响新冠长期相关自身免疫的进程，包括疾病程度、恢复速度和自身免疫反应的发作。尽管微生物群在新冠长期自身免疫中的确切作用仍在研究中，但新研究表明，针对微生物群的益生菌、益生元及饮食改变干预措施，可能能够减少自身免疫反应并改善新冠幸存者的长期预后。需要更多研究来准确了解微生物群如何影响新冠相关自身免疫，并制定针对性的治疗方案。
