Stroke causes death of brain tissue leading to long-term deficits. Behavioral evidence from neurorehabilitative therapies suggest learning-induced neuroplasticity can lead to beneficial outcomes. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms that link learning and stroke recovery are unknown. We show that in a mouse model of stroke, which exhibits enhanced recovery of function due to genetic perturbations of learning and memory genes, animals display activity-dependent transcriptional programs that are normally active during formation or storage of new memories. The expression of neuronal activity-dependent genes are predictive of recovery and occupy a molecular latent space unique to motor recovery. With motor recovery, networks of activity-dependent genes are co-expressed with their transcription factor targets forming gene regulatory networks that support activity-dependent transcription, that are normally diminished after stroke. Neuronal activity-dependent changes at the circuit level are influenced by interactions with microglia. At the molecular level, we show that enrichment of activity-dependent programs in neurons lead to transcriptional changes in microglia where they differentially interact to support intercellular signaling pathways for axon guidance, growth and synaptogenesis. Together, these studies identify activity-dependent transcriptional programs as a fundamental mechanism for neural repair post-stroke.