Department of Urology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Front Immunol. 2024 Aug 9;15:1447817. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1447817. eCollection 2024.
The field of oncology has transformed in recent years, with treatments shifting from traditional surgical resection and radiation therapy to more diverse and customized approaches, one of which is immunotherapy. ICD (immunogenic cell death) belongs to a class of regulatory cell death modalities that reactivate the immune response by facilitating the interaction between apoptotic cells and immune cells and releasing specific signaling molecules, and DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns). The inducers of ICD can elevate the expression of specific proteins to optimize the TME (tumor microenvironment). The use of nanotechnology has shown its unique potential. Nanomaterials, due to their tunability, targeting, and biocompatibility, have become powerful tools for drug delivery, immunomodulators, etc., and have shown significant efficacy in clinical trials. In particular, these nanomaterials can effectively activate the ICD, trigger a potent anti-tumor immune response, and maintain long-term tumor suppression. Different types of nanomaterials, such as biological cell membrane-modified nanoparticles, self-assembled nanostructures, metallic nanoparticles, mesoporous materials, and hydrogels, play their respective roles in ICD induction due to their unique structures and mechanisms of action. Therefore, this review will explore the latest advances in the application of these common nanomaterials in tumor ICD induction and discuss how they can provide new strategies and tools for cancer therapy. By gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action of these nanomaterials, researchers can develop more precise and effective therapeutic approaches to improve the prognosis and quality of life of cancer patients. Moreover, these strategies hold the promise to overcome resistance to conventional therapies, minimize side effects, and lead to more personalized treatment regimens, ultimately benefiting cancer treatment.
近年来，肿瘤学领域发生了变革，治疗方法从传统的手术切除和放射疗法转变为更加多样化和个性化的方法，其中之一是免疫疗法。免疫原性细胞死亡（ICD）属于一类调节性细胞死亡模式，通过促进凋亡细胞与免疫细胞的相互作用并释放特定的信号分子和损伤相关分子模式（DAMPs）来重新激活免疫反应。ICD 的诱导剂可以提高特定蛋白的表达，从而优化肿瘤微环境（TME）。纳米技术的应用显示出了其独特的潜力。由于其可调性、靶向性和生物相容性，纳米材料已成为药物输送、免疫调节剂等的有力工具，并在临床试验中显示出显著的疗效。特别是，这些纳米材料可以有效地激活 ICD，引发强烈的抗肿瘤免疫反应，并维持长期的肿瘤抑制。不同类型的纳米材料，如生物细胞膜修饰的纳米颗粒、自组装纳米结构、金属纳米颗粒、介孔材料和水凝胶，由于其独特的结构和作用机制，在 ICD 诱导中发挥各自的作用。因此，本综述将探讨这些常见纳米材料在肿瘤 ICD 诱导中的最新应用进展，并讨论它们如何为癌症治疗提供新的策略和工具。通过深入了解这些纳米材料的作用机制，研究人员可以开发更精确和有效的治疗方法，改善癌症患者的预后和生活质量。此外，这些策略有望克服对传统疗法的耐药性，最小化副作用，并实现更个性化的治疗方案，最终使癌症治疗受益。
