Deciphering the Thermodynamic Landscape of CRISPR/Cas9: Insights into Enhancing Gene Editing Precision and Efficiency.

The thermodynamic landscape of the CRISPR/Cas9 system plays a crucial role in understanding and optimizing the performance of this revolutionary genome-editing technology. In this research, we utilized isothermal titration calorimetry and microscale thermophoresis techniques to thoroughly investigate the thermodynamic properties governing CRISPR/Cas9 interactions. Our findings revealed that the binding between sgRNA and Cas9 is primarily governed by entropy, which compensates for an unfavorable enthalpy change. Conversely, the interaction between the CRISPR RNP complex and the target DNA is characterized by a favorable enthalpy change, offsetting an unfavorable entropy change. Notably, both interactions displayed negative heat capacity changes, indicative of potential hydration, ionization, or structural rearrangements. However, we noted that the involvement of water molecules and counterions in the interactions is minimal, suggesting that structural rearrangements play a significant role in influencing the binding thermodynamics. These results offer a nuanced understanding of the energetic contributions and structural dynamics underlying CRISPR-mediated gene editing. Such insights are invaluable for optimizing the efficiency and specificity of CRISPR-based genome editing applications, ultimately advancing our ability to precisely manipulate genetic material in various organisms for research, therapeutic, and biotechnological purposes.