Clinical characteristics and analysis of related factors associated with early death in newly diagnosed patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and analysis of related factors associated with early death in newly diagnosed patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).

METHODS

This retrospective study included patients who visited our hospital between January 2010 and August 2022 and were diagnosed with APL for the first time. We analyzed their clinical and laboratory characteristics and analysis of related factors associated with early death.

RESULTS

A total of 269 patients with a primary diagnosis of APL were collected. The male to female ratio was 6:5, and the median age was 42 years (range 7-80). Among patients with initial APL diagnosis, there were 34 early deaths, resulting in an early mortality rate of 13%. The median time from diagnosis to death was 8.5 days (range 3-24). Comparative analysis of the clinical characteristics between patients who died early and those who did not, using a logistic regression model, revealed that age, white blood cell count (WBC) at initial diagnosis, and prolongation time of prothrombin time (PT) were independent risk factors for early death in patients with primary APL (P < 0.05). Comparing the clinical characteristics during hospitalization between the early death group and the non-early death group, it was observed that the daily mean of WBC during hospitalization was significantly higher in patients who died early than in those who did not (P < 0.001). Conversely, the daily mean of platelet count (PLT) was significantly lower in patients who died early compared to those who did not (P < 0.001). Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in the mean daily infusion of PLT (P < 0.05), fibrinogen (Fib) (P < 0.05), and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) (P < 0.05) during hospitalization between patients who died early and those who did not. Specifically, the mean daily infusion of PLT and FFP was significantly higher in the early-death group than in the non-early-death group. Cerebral hemorrhage was identified as the immediate cause of death in 25 out of the 34 early-death patients (74%). The remaining causes of death included infection in 5 cases (15%), all of which were severe pulmonary infections, including 2 cases of combined differentiation syndrome, and abandonment of treatment in 4 patients (11%) at initial diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

In patients with primary APL, age, WBC at initial diagnosis, and PT prolongation time were identified as independent risk factors for early death (P < 0.05). Laboratory findings regarding WBC and PLT during hospitalization, as well as the infusion of PLT, Fib, and FFP during hospitalization, were also statistically significant. Cerebral hemorrhage was found to be the main cause of early death in patients with primary APL.