Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Department of Conservative Dentistry, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Dent Med Probl. 2024 Jul-Aug;61(4):585-592. doi: 10.17219/dmp/163634.
The application of natural products in dentistry has been widely explored. Anchovy (Stolephorus in Latin) has been examined for its bioactive content (calcium, phosphorus and fluoride) as an agent for bone stimulation and tooth development, topical fluoridation and pulp capping. Ball milling has been used to prepare calcium oxide nanoparticles from snakehead fish bone.
The aim of the study was to reduce the particle size of Stolephorus sp. powder to the nanoscale using high-energy ball milling for 8, 12 and 24 h, and to analyze the optimal milling time by comparing the powder characteristics.
The Stolephorus sp. were oven-dried at 50°C for 6 h, after which the entire fish were crushed into powder. The fish powder was produced by blending the material for 5 min and passing it through a 200-mesh sieve. The remaining dried fish was blended again for 5 min until it passed through the sieve. The top-down approach to the particle size reduction was performed using high-energy milling at 3 distinct time points (8, 12 and 24 h). The characteristics of the powder were evaluated using a particle size analyzer, a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS).
The Stolephorus sp. powder contained 64.50% protein, 7,420 mg/kg sodium, 28,912 mg/kg calcium, and 1,924 mg/kg magnesium. The high-energy milling process resulted in a reduction of the particle size from the microscale to the nanoscale. The analysis of the average particle size and polydispersity index indicated that 24 h of milling showed the most optimal results. Furthermore, the functional groups exhibited no significant alteration at 3 milling times (p ≥ 0.05, FTIR analysis).
The high-energy milling method has the potential to reduce the particle size of Stolephorus sp. powder to the nanoscale at the 8- and 24-h milling periods. The powder resulting from the 24-h milling process had a size of 789.3 ±170.7 nm, smooth size distribution, good size uniformity, a polydispersity index of 0.763, no significant change in organic and inorganic compound content, and a calcium/phosphorus ratio that was the closest to that of hydroxyapatite (HAp).
天然产物在牙科中的应用已得到广泛探索。凤尾鱼（拉丁语为 Stolephorus）因其生物活性成分（钙、磷和氟化物）而被研究作为骨刺激和牙齿发育、局部氟化和牙髓覆盖的药物。球磨已被用于从蛇头鱼骨中制备氧化钙纳米粒子。
本研究的目的是使用高能球磨将凤尾鱼（Stolephorus sp.）粉减小至纳米级，球磨时间分别为 8、12 和 24 h，并通过比较粉末特性来分析最佳球磨时间。
凤尾鱼（Stolephorus sp.）在 50°C 的烘箱中干燥 6 h，然后将整条鱼粉碎成粉末。鱼粉通过将材料混合 5 min 并通过 200 目筛网来制备。将剩余的干鱼再次混合 5 min，直到通过筛网。采用自上而下的方法，在 3 个不同时间点（8、12 和 24 h）进行高能研磨，以减小粒径。使用粒度分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）和扫描电子显微镜-能量色散光谱仪（SEM-EDS）评估粉末特性。
凤尾鱼（Stolephorus sp.）粉含有 64.50%的蛋白质、7420 mg/kg 的钠、28912 mg/kg 的钙和 1924 mg/kg 的镁。高能球磨过程使粒径从微米级减小到纳米级。平均粒径和多分散指数的分析表明，24 h 的球磨效果最佳。此外，3 个球磨时间（FTIR 分析）的官能团没有明显改变。
高能球磨法可将凤尾鱼（Stolephorus sp.）粉的粒径减小至 8 和 24 h 球磨期的纳米级。24 h 球磨得到的粉末粒径为 789.3 ±170.7 nm，粒度分布均匀，粒度均匀性好，多分散指数为 0.763，有机和无机化合物含量无明显变化，钙/磷比最接近羟磷灰石（HAp）。
