The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Resources Breeding Base of Co-Founded, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China.
The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Resources Breeding Base of Co-Founded, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China.
J Chromatogr A. 2024 Oct 11;1734:465279. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465279. Epub 2024 Aug 24.
Cordyceps genus is entomopathogenic mushrooms that have traditionally been used in ethnomedicine in Asian countries. Nucleosides (Ns), nucleotide(Nt), Nucleobases (Nb) and their analogues play a critically physiological role and have a great potential in drug development, such as pentostatin and cordycepin (COR). Due to their significance bioactivity, several Nt/Ns were used as markers for quality evaluation for medicinal Cordyceps, including adenosine, inosine, guanosine, uridine and COR. Among them, COR is the most considerable adenosine analogue, exhibiting significant therapeutic potential and has many intracellular targets. Nt/Ns contains polar compounds and the phosphate groups of Nt deprotonate and carry negative charges with a broad range of pH values. Recent years, various advanced methods of extraction and separation, and nanomaterials have been developed to extract, isolate and determine these molecules, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) for the extraction, the solid phase extraction (SPE) methods (microextraction SPE (SPME), magnetic SPE (MSPE), and unique SPE materials based on the boronate affinity for the separation, and chromatography methods employing ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence, MS detection and electrospray ionization (ESI), along with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization (MALDI) for the determination. COR derived from adenosine and its structure is very similar to that of 2'-deoxyadenosine (2'-dA) and adenosine, resulting in an incorrect identification, which will influence its therapeutic effects. Therefore, this review primarily focused on the characteristics of Nt/Ns, the advanced methods, strategies, nanomaterials for extracting and determining Nt/Ns (COR in particular) in Cordyceps spp, as well as the methods for distinguishing COR from its structure analogs.
虫草属是一种昆虫病原性蘑菇，在亚洲国家的传统医学中一直被使用。核苷（Ns）、核苷酸（Nt）、核苷碱基（Nb）及其类似物在生理上起着至关重要的作用，并在药物开发方面具有巨大的潜力，如戊烷脒和虫草素（COR）。由于其重要的生物活性，几种 Nt/Ns 被用作药用虫草质量评价的标志物，包括腺苷、肌苷、鸟苷、尿苷和 COR。其中，COR 是最具代表性的腺苷类似物，具有显著的治疗潜力，且有许多细胞内靶点。Nt/Ns 含有极性化合物，磷酸基团使 Nt 去质子化并在广泛的 pH 值范围内带负电荷。近年来，已经开发了各种先进的提取和分离方法以及纳米材料，用于提取、分离和测定这些分子，例如超声辅助提取（UAE）、超临界流体提取（SFE）和加压液体提取（PLE）用于提取，固相萃取（SPE）方法（微萃取 SPE（SPME）、磁 SPE（MSPE）和基于硼酸亲和的独特 SPE 材料用于分离，以及采用紫外线（UV）、荧光、MS 检测和电喷雾电离（ESI）的色谱方法，以及基质辅助激光解吸/电离（MALDI）用于测定。COR 来源于腺苷，其结构与 2'-脱氧腺苷（2'-dA）和腺苷非常相似，导致错误鉴定，从而影响其治疗效果。因此，本综述主要集中于 Nt/Ns 的特性、提取和测定虫草属中 Nt/Ns（特别是 COR）的先进方法、策略、纳米材料，以及从其结构类似物中区分 COR 的方法。
