Department of Water Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
Drought Research Center, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
BMC Plant Biol. 2024 Aug 28;24(1):809. doi: 10.1186/s12870-024-05523-5.
Climate change has become a concern, emphasizing the need for the development of crops tolerant to drought. Therefore, this study is designed to explore the physiological characteristics of quinoa that enable it to thrive under drought and other extreme stress conditions by investigating the combined effects of irrigation water levels (100%, 75%, and 50% of quinoa's water requirements, WR as I1, I2 and I3) and different planting methods (basin, on-ridge, and in-furrow as P1, P2 and P3) on quinoa's physiological traits and gas exchange. Results showed that quinoa's yield is lowest with on-ridge planting and highest in the in-furrow planting method. Notably, the seed protein concentrations in I2 and I3 did not significantly differ but they were 25% higher than those obtained in I1, which highlighted the possibility of using a more effective irrigation method without compromising the seed quality. On the other hand, protein yield (PY) was lowest in P2 (mean of I1 and I2 as 257 kg ha) and highest in P3 (mean of I1 and I2 as 394 kg ha 53% higher). Interestingly, PY values were not significantly different in I1 and I2, but they were lower significantly in I3 by 28%, 27% and 20% in P1, P2, and P3, respectively. Essential plant characteristics including plant height, stem diameter, and panicle number were 6.1-16.7%, 6.4-24.5%, and 18.4-36.5% lower, respectively, in I2 and I3 than those in I1. The highest Leaf Area Index (LAI) value (5.34) was recorded in the in-furrow planting and I1, while the lowest value was observed in the on-ridge planting method and I3 (3.47). In I3, leaf temperature increased by an average of 2.5-3 C, particularly during the anthesis stage. The results also showed that at a similar leaf water potential (LWP) higher yield and dry matter were obtained in the in-furrow planting compared to those obtained in the basin and on-ridge planting methods. The highest stomatal conductance (gs) value was observed within the in-furrow planting method and full irrigation (I1P3), while the lowest values were obtained in the on-ridge and 50%WR (I3P2). Finally, photosynthesis rate (An) reduction with diminishing LWP was mild, providing insights into quinoa's adaptability to drought. In conclusion, considering the thorough evaluation of all the measured parameters, the study suggests using the in-furrow planting method with a 75%WR as the best approach for growing quinoa in arid and semi-arid regions to enhance production and resource efficiency.
气候变化已经成为一个关注点，强调需要开发耐受干旱的作物。因此，本研究旨在通过研究灌溉水平（100%、75%和 50%的藜麦需水量，记为 I1、I2 和 I3）和不同种植方式（沟播、垄播和平作，记为 P1、P2 和 P3）对藜麦生理特性和气体交换的综合影响，来探索藜麦在干旱和其他极端胁迫条件下茁壮成长的生理特征。结果表明，垄播种植方式下藜麦的产量最低，而沟播种植方式下的产量最高。值得注意的是，I2 和 I3 中的种子蛋白浓度没有显著差异，但比 I1 中的蛋白浓度高 25%，这突出了在不影响种子质量的情况下使用更有效的灌溉方法的可能性。另一方面，蛋白产量（PY）在 P2（I1 和 I2 的平均值为 257kg/ha）中最低，在 P3（I1 和 I2 的平均值为 394kg/ha，高出 53%）中最高。有趣的是，I1 和 I2 中的 PY 值没有显著差异，但在 I3 中分别显著降低了 28%、27%和 20%，P1、P2 和 P3 的降幅分别为 6.1-16.7%、6.4-24.5%和 18.4-36.5%。植物高度、茎直径和穗数等基本植物特征分别比 I1 低 6.1-16.7%、6.4-24.5%和 18.4-36.5%。沟播和 I1 条件下的叶面积指数（LAI）最高值为 5.34，而垄播和 I3 条件下的 LAI 最低值为 3.47。在 I3 中，叶片温度平均升高了 2.5-3°C，特别是在开花期。结果还表明，在相似的叶片水势（LWP）下，沟播种植方式下的产量和干物质比盆播和垄播种植方式下的产量和干物质高。沟播和充分灌溉（I1P3）条件下的气孔导度（gs）值最高，而垄播和 50%WR（I3P2）条件下的 gs 值最低。最后，随着 LWP 的降低，光合作用速率（An）的降低较为温和，这为藜麦对干旱的适应能力提供了线索。总之，考虑到所有测量参数的全面评估，本研究建议在干旱和半干旱地区采用沟播种植方式和 75%的灌溉水平，以提高藜麦的产量和资源利用效率。
