Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.
Directorate of Information Technology Basic Infrastructure and Advanced Applications, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78/b, 1082 Budapest, Hungary.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Aug 22;25(16):9113. doi: 10.3390/ijms25169113.
The incidence of diabetes, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), is increasing sharply worldwide. To reverse this, more effective approaches in prevention and treatment are needed. In our review, we sought to summarize normal insulin action and the pathways that primarily influence the development of T2DM. Normal insulin action involves mitogenic and metabolic pathways, as both are important in normal metabolic processes, regeneration, etc. However, through excess energy, both can be hyperactive or attenuated/inactive leading to disturbances in the cellular and systemic regulation with the consequence of cellular stress and systemic inflammation. In this review, we detailed the beneficial molecular changes caused by some important components of nutrition and by exercise, which act in the same molecular targets as the developed drugs, and can revert the damaged pathways. Moreover, these induce entire networks of regulatory mechanisms and proteins to restore unbalanced homeostasis, proving their effectiveness as preventive and complementary therapies. These are the main steps for success in prevention and treatment of developed diseases to rid the body of excess energy, both from stored fats and from overnutrition, while facilitating fat burning with adequate, regular exercise in healthy people, and together with necessary drug treatment as required in patients with insulin resistance and T2DM.
糖尿病（包括 2 型糖尿病）的发病率在全球范围内急剧上升。为了扭转这一局面，需要采取更有效的预防和治疗方法。在我们的综述中，我们试图总结正常胰岛素作用以及主要影响 2 型糖尿病发展的途径。正常胰岛素作用涉及有丝分裂和代谢途径，因为两者在正常代谢过程、再生等方面都很重要。然而，通过过量的能量，两者都可能过度活跃或减弱/失活，导致细胞和全身调节紊乱，导致细胞应激和全身炎症。在这篇综述中，我们详细介绍了一些重要营养成分和运动所引起的有益的分子变化，这些变化作用于与已开发药物相同的分子靶点，可以逆转受损的途径。此外，这些变化还会诱导整个调节机制和蛋白质网络来恢复失衡的体内平衡，证明它们作为预防和补充治疗的有效性。这些是预防和治疗已发病的疾病的主要步骤，可以消除体内多余的能量，包括储存的脂肪和营养过剩，同时在健康人群中通过适当、有规律的运动促进脂肪燃烧，并根据需要结合必要的药物治疗来治疗胰岛素抵抗和 2 型糖尿病患者。
