A comparison between constructed wetland substrates: Impacts on microbial community and wastewater treatment.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) can play a crucial role in treating wastewater, and in the context of this study, the distillation byproduct of the whisky industry known as 'spent lees'. Here, we assess several different CW substrates (pea gravel, LECA and Alfagrog), with and without the addition of 20% biochar, in mesocosms set up to treat spent lees. Among the substrates tested, LECA + biochar and gravel + biochar showed promising results, with greater dissolved copper (dissCu) reduction, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, organic carbon (OC) reduction, and pH modulation. These findings indicate a potentially beneficial role for biochar in enhancing treatment efficacy, particularly in facilitating dissCu remediation and the removal of organic pollutants. In terms of microbial diversity, mesocosms including biochar generally had reduced bacterial alpha diversity, suggesting that 'fresh' (uncolonized) biochar may negatively affect microbial diversity in wetland ecosystems in the short term. After continuously supplying spent lees to mesocosms for 2-months, microbial diversity in each mesocosm dropped substantially, and moderate levels of bacterial community differentiation and high levels of fungal community differentiation were detected among mesocosms. The bacterial and fungal communities were also found to differ between the substrate and outlet water samples. Among the bacterial classes present in the mesocosms that may play a crucial role in water treatment performance, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia and Alphaproteobacteria should be further investigated. In terms of fungal classes, the role of Sordariomycetes should be explored in greater depth.