Cheney P D
Phys Ther. 1985 May;65(5):624-35. doi: 10.1093/ptj/65.5.624.
Findings from studies using electrical stimulation of cortex, recording from single neurons in awake animals, and measuring regional cerebral blood flow in humans have revealed some specific motor functions for several cerebral cortical areas. These areas include primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor area, parietal areas 5 and 7, and prefrontal area. Execution of movement is a function of the primary motor cortex, which translates program instructions for movement from other parts of the brain into signals. These signals encode variables of movement, such as the muscles to contract and the force and timing of their contraction. Long-latency reflex responses of muscles to stretch and cutaneous stimulation are also mediated by the motor cortex; other motor areas seem to perform higher order motor functions. The supplementary motor area controls input-output coupling in motor cortex and the programming of complex sequences of rapidly occurring discrete movements, such as playing the piano. The premotor area participates in the assembly of new motor programs. The parietal areas 5 and 7 are involved in directing attention to objects of interest in visual space and issuing commands for arm movements and eye movements to these objects. The prefrontal cortex performs cognitive functions, such as short-term memory of correct motor responses in delayed response tests.
使用皮层电刺激、记录清醒动物单个神经元活动以及测量人类局部脑血流的研究结果，揭示了几个大脑皮层区域的一些特定运动功能。这些区域包括初级运动皮层、辅助运动区、运动前区、顶叶5区和7区以及前额叶区。运动的执行是初级运动皮层的功能，它将来自大脑其他部位的运动程序指令转化为信号。这些信号编码运动变量，如收缩的肌肉以及收缩的力量和时间。肌肉对拉伸和皮肤刺激的长潜伏期反射反应也由运动皮层介导；其他运动区域似乎执行更高层次的运动功能。辅助运动区控制运动皮层中的输入-输出耦合以及快速发生的离散运动的复杂序列的编程，如弹钢琴。运动前区参与新运动程序的组装。顶叶5区和7区参与将注意力引向视觉空间中感兴趣的物体，并向这些物体发出手臂运动和眼球运动的指令。前额叶皮层执行认知功能，如在延迟反应测试中对正确运动反应的短期记忆。
