Anoraga Satria Bhirawa, Shamsudin Rosnah, Hamzah Muhammad Hazwan, Sharif Suzannah, Saputro Arifin Dwi
Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
Department of Bioresources Technology and Veterinary, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
Heliyon. 2024 Jul 31;10(16):e35537. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35537. eCollection 2024 Aug 30.
Cocoa is considered to be one of the most significant agricultural commodities globally, alongside Palm Oil and Rubber. Cocoa is the primary ingredient in the manufacturing of chocolate, a globally popular food product. Approximately 30 % of cocoa, specifically cocoa nibs, are used as the primary constituent in chocolate production., while the other portion is either discarded in landfills as compost or repurposed as animal feed. Cocoa by-products consist of cocoa pod husk (CPH), cocoa shell, and pulp, of which about 70 % of the fruit is composed of CPH. CPH is a renewable resource rich in dietary fiber, lignin, and bioactive antioxidants like polyphenols that are being underutilized. CPH has the potential to be used as a source of pectin, dietary fibre, antibacterial properties, encapsulation material, xylitol as a sugar substitute, a fragrance compound, and in skin care applications. Several methods can be used to manage CPH waste using green technology and then transformed into valuable commodities, including pectin sources. Innovations in extraction procedures for the production of functional compounds can be utilized to increase yields and enhance existing uses. This review focuses on the physicochemical of CPH, its potential use, waste management, and green technology of cocoa by-products, particularly CPH pectin, in order to provide information for its development.
可可被认为是全球最重要的农产品之一，与棕榈油和橡胶齐名。可可是巧克力生产的主要原料，巧克力是一种全球流行的食品。大约30%的可可，特别是可可豆粒，被用作巧克力生产的主要成分，而另一部分则要么作为堆肥丢弃在垃圾填埋场，要么被重新用作动物饲料。可可副产品包括可可荚壳（CPH）、可可壳和果肉，其中约70%的果实由CPH组成。CPH是一种可再生资源，富含膳食纤维、木质素和生物活性抗氧化剂，如多酚，但目前尚未得到充分利用。CPH有潜力用作果胶来源、膳食纤维、抗菌剂、封装材料、木糖醇作为糖替代品、香料化合物以及用于护肤品。可以采用几种方法利用绿色技术处理CPH废料，然后将其转化为有价值的商品，包括果胶来源。用于生产功能化合物的提取工艺创新可用于提高产量并拓展现有用途。本综述聚焦于CPH的物理化学性质、其潜在用途、废料管理以及可可副产品（特别是CPH果胶）的绿色技术，以便为其开发提供信息。
