Advances in breeding, biotechnology, and nanotechnological approaches to combat sheath blight disease in rice.

Sheath blight, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, is a major problem that significantly impacts rice production and can lead to substantial yield losses. The disease has become increasingly problematic in recent years due to the widespread use of high-yielding semi-dwarf rice cultivars, dense planting, and heavy application of nitrogenous fertilizers. The disease has become more challenging to manage due to its diverse host range and the lack of resistant cultivars. Despite utilizing traditional methods, the problem persists without a satisfactory solution. Therefore, modern approaches, including advanced breeding, transgenic methods, genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and nanotechnological interventions, are being explored to develop rice plants resistant to sheath blight disease. This review primarily focuses on these recent advancements in combating the sheath blight disease.