Taghizadeh-Hesary Farzad
ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Radiation Oncology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Oncol Ther. 2024 Dec;12(4):629-646. doi: 10.1007/s40487-024-00299-y. Epub 2024 Sep 4.
This article introduces a novel risk factor for gastric cancer (GC) by analyzing available epidemiological data from East Asian populations. A significantly higher age-standardized GC rate was observed in Japanese and Korean populations than in Chinese populations, despite nearly identical ethnicity, food habits, obesity rates, and alcohol consumption. Given the pivotal role of environmental factors in GC development, particularly for the intestinal type, a thorough evaluation of the lifestyles of these three populations was conducted to identify commonalities and disparities. It was observed that Japanese and Korean individuals prefer consuming ice water, while Chinese individuals tend to drink warm water, potentially influenced by traditional Chinese medicine disciplines. Considering the key features of GC development, a literature review was conducted to investigate the mechanisms through which the consumption of ice water might contribute to GC initiation and progression. Mechanistically, exposing gastric cells to hypothermia can increase the risk of carcinogenesis through multiple pathways. This includes the promotion of Helicobacter pylori colonization, prolonged gastric inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in gastric cells. Furthermore, drinking ice water can enhance the survival, proliferation, and invasion of GC cells by releasing cold shock proteins, increasing gastric acid secretion, and delaying gastric emptying. Additionally, hypothermia can boost the immune evasion of cancer cells by weakening the antitumor immune system and activating different components of the tumor microenvironment. This paper also explores the association between exposure of GC cells to hypothermia and current insights into cancer hallmarks. These findings may partially elucidate the higher incidence of GC in Japanese and Korean populations and provide a clue for future experimental studies.Graphical abstract available for this article.
本文通过分析东亚人群现有的流行病学数据，介绍了一种新的胃癌风险因素。尽管日本和韩国人群与中国人群在种族、饮食习惯、肥胖率和酒精消费量方面几乎相同，但观察到日本和韩国人群的年龄标准化胃癌发病率显著高于中国人群。鉴于环境因素在胃癌发生发展中，尤其是肠型胃癌中的关键作用，对这三个人群的生活方式进行了全面评估，以找出共同点和差异。观察到日本人和韩国人喜欢喝冰水，而中国人倾向于喝温水，这可能受中医理论的影响。考虑到胃癌发生发展的关键特征，进行了文献综述，以研究饮用冰水可能促进胃癌发生和发展的机制。从机制上讲，使胃细胞暴露于低温可通过多种途径增加致癌风险。这包括促进幽门螺杆菌定植、延长胃部炎症以及胃细胞中的线粒体功能障碍。此外，饮用冰水可通过释放冷休克蛋白、增加胃酸分泌和延迟胃排空来提高胃癌细胞的存活率、增殖能力和侵袭能力。此外，低温可通过削弱抗肿瘤免疫系统和激活肿瘤微环境的不同成分来增强癌细胞的免疫逃逸。本文还探讨了胃细胞暴露于低温与当前对癌症特征的认识之间的关联。这些发现可能部分解释了日本和韩国人群中胃癌发病率较高的原因，并为未来的实验研究提供了线索。本文提供图形摘要。
