Hsu Pi-Heng, Wang Wen-Der, Wu Su Mei
Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, Taiwan.
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chiayi University, Taiwan.
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2025 Jan;287:110016. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110016. Epub 2024 Sep 2.
Diethyl phthalate (DEP), bisphenol A (BPA), and external estradiol 17β-estradiol (E2) all are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Our previous study has found that the development of ceratohyal cartilage (CH) in embryos could be disrupted when the maternal generation was exposed with 8.06 μM DEP, 2.86 μM BPA, and 1.11 μM E2. However, it is still unknown how doses of the residual EDCs in eggs cause abnormal CH development in their offspring. Microinjection is used at the 2-cell stage of embryos to mimic the maternal effect and to observe the toxicities of EDCs in embryos. Results shown that the amounts of DEP, BPA, and E2 were 1.3 × 10 ng, 4.7 × 10 ng, and 1.4 × 10 ng, respectively, inducing the CH angles to become bigger than the control. However, related genes to the migratory pathways of neural crest cells (NCCs) were not influenced upon BPA and E2 treatments. Both sox10 and smad3 gene expressions were up-regulated upon DEP treatment. On the other hand, the CH angles were smaller than the control upon 1.3 × 10, 9.4 × 10, and 1.4 × 10 ng of DEP, BPA, and E2 microinjection, respectively. Furthermore, genes related to migratory NCCs were significantly influenced upon 10 ng of BPA, and 10 ng of DEP treatments on embryos. According to the data, we suggested that 10-10 ng of EDCs in eggs could disrupt CH development as well as significantly increase the mortality on their embryos. The present study raises concern that the responses were highly sensitive in embryos through maternal effects.
邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、双酚A(BPA)和外源性雌二醇17β-雌二醇(E2)均为内分泌干扰化学物质(EDC)。我们之前的研究发现,当亲代暴露于8.06 μM DEP、2.86 μM BPA和1.11 μM E2时,胚胎中角舌骨软骨(CH)的发育可能会受到干扰。然而,卵中残留的EDC剂量如何导致其后代CH发育异常仍不清楚。在胚胎的2细胞阶段进行显微注射,以模拟母体效应并观察EDC对胚胎的毒性。结果显示,DEP、BPA和E2的量分别为1.3×10 ng、4.7×10 ng和1.4×10 ng时,诱导CH角比对照组变大。然而,BPA和E2处理后,与神经嵴细胞(NCC)迁移途径相关的基因未受影响。DEP处理后,sox10和smad3基因表达均上调。另一方面,分别注射1.3×10、9.4×10和1.4×10 ng的DEP、BPA和E2时,CH角比对照组小。此外,10 ng BPA和10 ng DEP处理胚胎后,与迁移NCC相关的基因受到显著影响。根据这些数据,我们认为卵中10 - 10 ng的EDC可能会干扰CH发育,并显著增加其胚胎的死亡率。本研究引发了人们对胚胎通过母体效应产生的反应高度敏感的担忧。