Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
Cancer Biomark. 2024;41(1):1-24. doi: 10.3233/CBM-230486.
Glioma is the most common primary tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). Glioblastoma (GBM) is incurable with current treatment strategies. Additionally, the treatment of recurrent GBM (rGBM) is often referred to as terminal treatment, necessitating hospice-level care and management. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) gives GBM a more challenging or "cold" tumor microenvironment (TME) than that of other cancers and gloma stem cells (GSCs) play an important role in the TME remodeling, occurrence, development and recurrence of giloma. In this review, our primary focus will be on discussing the following topics: niche-associated GSCs and macrophages, new theories regarding GSC and TME involving pyroptosis and ferroptosis in GBM, metabolic adaptations of GSCs, the influence of the cold environment in GBM on immunotherapy, potential strategies to transform the cold GBM TME into a hot one, and the advancement of GBM immunotherapy and GBM models.
脑胶质瘤是中枢神经系统（CNS）最常见的原发性肿瘤。目前的治疗策略无法治愈胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）。此外，复发性 GBM（rGBM）的治疗通常被称为终末期治疗，需要临终关怀护理和管理。血脑屏障（BBB）的存在使 GBM 比其他癌症具有更具挑战性或“冷”的肿瘤微环境（TME），而胶质母细胞瘤干细胞（GSCs）在 TME 重塑、发生、发展和复发性胶质母细胞瘤中发挥重要作用。在这篇综述中，我们将主要讨论以下主题：与龛相关的 GSCs 和巨噬细胞，涉及 GBM 中细胞焦亡和铁死亡的 GSC 和 TME 的新理论，GSCs 的代谢适应，冷环境对 GBM 免疫治疗的影响，将冷 GBM TME 转化为热 TME 的潜在策略，以及 GBM 免疫治疗和 GBM 模型的进展。
