MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
Int J Food Microbiol. 2025 Jan 2;426:110890. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110890. Epub 2024 Aug 30.
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium variant 4,[5],12:i:- (referred to as S. 4,[5],12:i:-) has emerged rapidly as the predominant Salmonella serovar in pigs, often associated with the acquisition of antibiotic resistance (ABR) and heavy metal resistance (HMR) genes. Our study analysed 78 strains of S. 4,[5],12:i:- (n = 57) and S. Typhimurium (n = 21), collected from 1999 to 2021, to investigate the evolution of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) containing HMR and ABR genes. Five MGEs harbouring HMR genes were identified: pUO-STVR2, pSTM45, pUO-STmRV1, SGI-4 and MREL. Among the strains, 91.23 % (52/57) of S. 4,[5],12:i:- carried at least one of these elements, compared to only 14.29 % (3/21) of S. Typhimurium. Since 2008, S. 4,[5],12:i:- have shifted from predominantly carrying pUO-STmRV1 to the emergence of SGI-4 and MREL, reducing ABR genes, reflecting the European Union ban on the use of antibiotics as feed additives. Increased resistance to copper and silver in S. 4,[5],12:i:-, conferred by SGI-4 and MREL, reflected that their acquisition was linked to the ongoing use of heavy metals in food-animal production. However, strains carrying SGI-4 and MREL still exhibit multidrug resistance, emphasising the need for targeted interventions to mitigate multidrug-resistant Salmonella spread in veterinary and public health settings.
肠炎沙门氏菌亚种肠炎血清型 4,[5],12:i:-（简称 S. 4,[5],12:i:-）已迅速成为猪群中主要的沙门氏菌血清型，常与抗生素耐药性（ABR）和重金属耐药性（HMR）基因的获得有关。本研究分析了 1999 年至 2021 年间采集的 78 株 S. 4,[5],12:i:-（n=57）和 S. Typhimurium（n=21）菌株，以研究携带 HMR 和 ABR 基因的移动遗传元件（MGE）的进化。鉴定出 5 种携带 HMR 基因的 MGE：pUO-STVR2、pSTM45、pUO-STmRV1、SGI-4 和 MREL。在这些菌株中，91.23%（52/57）的 S. 4,[5],12:i:-携带至少一种这些元件，而 S. Typhimurium 只有 14.29%（3/21）。自 2008 年以来，S. 4,[5],12:i:-携带的 pUO-STmRV1 主要转移到 SGI-4 和 MREL 的出现，减少了 ABR 基因，反映了欧盟禁止将抗生素作为饲料添加剂使用。SGI-4 和 MREL 赋予 S. 4,[5],12:i:-对铜和银的耐药性增加，反映了它们的获得与在食品动物生产中持续使用重金属有关。然而，携带 SGI-4 和 MREL 的菌株仍然表现出多药耐药性，这强调了需要采取有针对性的干预措施，以减轻兽医和公共卫生环境中多药耐药性沙门氏菌的传播。
