Near-zero-waste processing of jarosite waste to achieve sustainability: A state-of-the-art review.

Jarosite waste is a by-product generated from iron removal process in the jarosite process, which typically contains valuable metals including zinc, nickel, cobalt, silver, indium, and lead. Due to the large amount of jarosite and the less efficient and costly methods of recovering residual metals, it is mainly disposed by landfills. However, leachate generated from the landfills can release high concentrations of heavy metals, which contaminate nearby water resources and pose environmental and health risks. In this review, the environmental and resource properties of jarosite waste were briefly summarized. Then those pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and biological methods were discussed. In this review, considering the polymetallic properties and the low content of valuable metal elements of the jarosite waste, it is indicated that these processes had their own benefits and drawbacks such as overall yield, economic and technical constraints, and the necessity for combined processes to recycle multiple metal ions from jarosite wastes. Finally, this paper provided a critical and systematic review of studies on the novel green recycling technology for metals and material preparation based on the jarosite waste. This review can lay a guidance for the near-zero-waste processing of jarosite waste, with a particular focus on the combination of chemical and biological processes and waste-to-materials.