Characterization of blood bank and transfusion medicine practices for pregnant individuals with fetuses at risk of hemolytic disease in the United States.

BACKGROUND

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) is caused by maternal alloantibody-mediated destruction of fetal/neonatal red blood cells (RBCs). While the pathophysiology has been well-characterized, the clinical and laboratory monitoring practices are inconsistent.

METHODS

We surveyed 103 US institutions to characterize laboratory testing practices for individuals with fetuses at risk of HDFN. Questions included antibody testing and titration methodologies, the use of critical titers, paternal and cell-free fetal DNA testing, and result reporting and documentation practices.

RESULTS

The response rate was 44% (45/103). Most respondents (96%, 43/45) assess maternal antibody titers, primarily using conventional tube-based methods only (79%, 34/43). Among respondents, 51% (23/45) rescreen all individuals for antibodies in the third trimester, and 60% (27/45) perform paternal RBC antigen testing. A minority (27%, 12/45) utilize cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) testing to predict fetal antigen status. Maternal antibody titers are performed even when the fetus is not considered to be at risk of HDFN based on cffDNA or paternal RBC antigen testing at 23% (10/43) of sites that assess titers.

DISCUSSION

There is heterogeneity across US institutions regarding the testing, monitoring, and reporting practices for pregnant individuals with fetuses at risk of HDFN, including the use of antibody titers in screening and monitoring programs, the use of paternal RBC antigen testing and cffDNA, and documentation of fetal antigen results. Standardization of laboratory testing protocols and closer collaboration between the blood bank and transfusion medicine service and the obstetric/maternal-fetal medicine service are needed.