Postdoctoral fellow at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland.
Professor in the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland.
AMA J Ethics. 2024 Sep 1;26(9):E724-729. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2024.724.
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique established what many know today as the "3 R's"-refinement, reduction, and replacement-when it was published in 1959. Since their formulation, these principles have guided decision-making for many about nonhuman animal subjects' uses in laboratory-based research. Discussion about how to amend or replace the 3 R's is ongoing, driven mainly by philosophical ethics approaches to nonhuman animal rights and by scientific advancement. This article explores merits and drawbacks of possible updates to and interpretations of the 3 R's.
《人道实验技术原则》于 1959 年出版，其中确立了许多人今天所熟知的“3R”原则——即优化、减少和替代——以用于非人类动物实验。自提出以来，这些原则一直为许多人在基于实验室的研究中使用非人类动物实验提供决策指导。关于如何修改或取代“3R”的讨论仍在继续，主要由非人类动物权利的哲学伦理方法和科学进步所驱动。本文探讨了“3R”原则的更新和解释的优点和缺点。
