Evaluation of forest ecosystem resilience to drought considering lagged effects of drought.

Drought can cause significant disruption to forest ecosystems and may have long-term impacts on the structure and function of ecosystems after the end of drought. This is the key to quantifying the ability of ecosystem to respond to disturbance events by comprehensively analyzing the impact of drought on vegetation, the lagged effect, and ecosystem resilience to drought. This article takes broad-leaved forests and coniferous forests in multiple temperature zones of China as the object of study, using distributed lagged nonlinear model (DLNM) to construct a systematic method. Our results show that the main sensitive lagged time for coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests is the first 3 months in various temperature zones, with the strongest lagged effect in the month when the drought incidents occur. Coping capacity represents ecosystems to remain stable during droughts, and we quantified the indicator by the ratio of the resistance (the difference between NDVI value before the drought and during the drought) to recovery (the difference between NDVI value after the drought and during the drought). When dealing with intensive drought events, the coping capacity of subtropical broad-leaved forests (-0.67) and tropical broad-leaved forests (-0.88) exhibit the strongest coping capacity (value tends to -1). Overall, vegetation growth in subtropical and tropical regions is less affected by drought compared to temperate and cold temperate zones. The research results help us understand the comprehensive impact of drought on vegetation and the strategies for different vegetation to cope with drought.